Persuasive Speech Outline Essay

Topic: To Inform People on what they need to do to help this situation. Introduction †¢ What is one of the world’s largest animals that is going endangered at a fast pace? †¢One of the world’s largest breeds of Elephants, which are the African Elephants are going Extinct. †¢There are several animal rescue organizations, such as Green Peace, The WCS, State Zoos just to name a few. Along with scientist that explain what this means for the world as we have grown up to know it. As a Huge volunteer at shelters and the zoo this topic is near and close to me. If you look at the reproduction time of an elephant and the amount of times the elephant will mate in its life. I.The African Elephant is quickly becoming extinct due to several main reasons. A. If You look at how many times an African Female Elephants mates in its entire life time and add that to how long it takes her to half the baby that will show you why we as the human race must do everything in our power to help animals survive along with us. 1. The African Elephant lives up to eighty years and will have 1-3 partners during their life span. 2. African Elephants are known to have 4-12 baby elephants throughout its life time depending on how old the elephant is when it first mates. B. When an Elephant mates it will depend on her age that determines how many babies she will have. 1. It takes nearly two years for an Elephant to have one baby that is called a calf. And although it is rare sometimes the Mother Elephant will have the baby calf under the 24 mo. period. 2. Another rare, but not impossible in Elephants is having Twin Calf’s. It is extremely rare in African Elephants but a little more common  in Asian Elephants since there are a smaller breed. . Elephants have a hard enough time producing so when we talk about survival it makes it impossible when they are being illegally captured and killed for their beautiful tusk. . II.Beautiful Creatures that are descendants of the extinct Woolly mammoth are finding themselves becoming extinct. A. Reproduction is not the only challenge the African elephant is facing. 1. Elephants numbers declining because of illegal poaching of their beautiful white teeth known as Ivory. 2. The Elephants are not sedated for the tusk to be cut off, but they are killed. Which is declining their numbers quickly. B. It may surprise you but the demand for Ivory Tusk is not just overseas. 1. China along with other Asian countries are big traffickers of Ivory. But what will surprise you is that there are not the only countries. 2. The United States last year alone traded with countries such as Africa for Ivory worth 60 million dollars on the black Market. . With the Trade of Ivory being a hot commodity for the wealthy Countries are killing Elephants up to 60 a day out of a population of an estimated 500,000 African Elephants. With this number and the length in which it takes a mature Female and male to reproduce African Elephants are being placed on the endangered list. III.Elephants will continue to become extinct and one day will be all gone for the future generation of our children and descendants if we don’t take a stand and take measures to make sure that law makers in our country as well as others put a stop to illegal poaching. 1.Zimbabwe is one of the fastest growing places for illegal poaching of tusk from the Elephant in Africa. 2.This year on February 11th President Obama designed to create â€Å"a near  complete ban† on the commercial sale of African elephant ivory in the U.S. 3. The United States destroyed over 6 tons of illegal Ivory in November. 1. This was the start of a global message to other countries to stop the illegal killing, sale, and trade of ivory. a. With our country being at the top of this demand it was only fitting that we were the first to place a global stop to this senseless killing of these animals. b. Asia and Tanzania are just a few counties that have there name of the poaching of shame list. The Philippine government destroyed 5 tons of confiscated ivory just last month. c. Countries that have corrupt law enforcements are not helping the situation of illegal poaching it allows the people that are getting caught to go free and continue there actions with out punishment for their crime. 2. With several countries still practicing this illegal and brutal method of making money. I am afraid that Elephants will remain on the endangered list unless change takes place. As I have shown you the length and time that it takes this huge, but beautiful animal to reproduce and the fast and cruel way that the Biggest Animal in Africa is surely and quickly going extinct. We have to be aware and caring about the things that go on in our country, and help educate the other countries that don’t realize this long term effect that there actions will have on the rest of the world. Bibliography Delegation, P., & Michael, A. (2009, July 30). Dicovery of Elephant’s oldest known relative. Science Daily, p. 3. Dell’Amore, C. (2012). Elephant, Ranger Protections Endorsed—But Do They Have Teeth? National Geographic News. Douglas-Hamiltion, O. (1980). Africa’s Elephants: Can they survive? National Geographic Magazine. Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2011). African Elephant Data. Africa: National Geographics. Trinidad, E. (2012). Baby Elephants. 1. http://news.yahoo.com/apnewsbreak-elephants-endangered-land-grabs-120512322.h

How to encourage employees accepting the change? Essay

Change can be a good thing for both the company and its employees; however, sometimes it can be very difficult for the employees to accept the sudden change in their daily routine for many different reasons. As a supervisor, my job is to reduce that resistance by choosing the right way introducing the change; explaining why it is necessary to take such a move, and how can it beneficial. Make them understand the reasons for this change and get them involved into discussions; let them share their ideas, ask for suggestions, what is that their looking for in their workplace, encourage innovation, and excite them about the new routine. Most of the employees are more likely resisting change because of the fear of the unknown; increased workload for example, or different new staff to work with, so basically they don’t want to start all over from zero. Due to that fact, MLC has thought of new ideas to reduce its employees’ stress over the increased work. Consequently, it has signed a contract with 10 different international restaurants to visit the new branch in Isa town every week; therefore, employees will enjoy the variety of food offered weekly. Also, it can be a great way for the old employees to break the ice and bond their relationship with the new employees’ during their lunch break in the company. Moreover, moving from Manama to Isa town can cause some employees’ further way to travel. Hence, MLC has provided its employees’ an advanced parking area, which uses the system of an automatic car parking. Therefore, employees’ won’t waste time and effort looking for a car park. Additional to that, MLC now owns private, modern, new busses offering its employees free bus transportations, especially for those who don’t own a private car, take taxies to work, or any other employee who would take advantage of this new facility. So, bus drivers will be clued-up with a list of names of registered employees with their contact number and home addresses to pick them up from their home to work.

Miracles provide great hope for a hurting world Essay

Miracles can provide great hope for a hurting world because they can be a last resort when all else fails. If someone has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and doctors have given up on them, the hope for a miracle can be the only thing that keeps them from total despair. When nature seems insufferably cruel, believing that God can overcome nature is infinitely reassuring. Miracles also reaffirm the believer’s faith, thus providing hope. Miracles by their very nature are sign that reveal God’s great nature. For example, the Bible records that when Jesus was crucified a great darkness covered the land. This miracle has been historically verified by contemporary middle-Eastern historians Thallus and Africanus. Miracles such as this can be used to convert people to God and give them a sense that he cares for them, thus providing hope. Theologians such as Dr Michael Brown assert that miracles are proof of God’s continued presence in this world through the Holy Spirit, and if we pray earnestly we may be able to experience a miracle. Jesus himself said, â€Å"ask and it shall be given unto you. † Finally, miracles point to an eternal hope beyond this world. They suggest that this world is not all there is; there is another much greater world that we catch glimpses of through miracles. The miracle central to Christianity – Christ’s resurrection – can give a hurting person hope. Christ said that, â€Å"In my father’s house there are many rooms, I will go to prepare a place for you. † Even if they are not healed in this world, the miracle of the crucifixion gives them the hope that they can experience heaven. On the other hand, miracles may not provide hope and happiness because they are so sporadic and seemingly random. Wiles said that miracles were the work of, â€Å"a capricious and arbitrary God. † By this he was referring to the fact that God heals some and not others. Why doesn’t God heal all sick children, instead of a select few? This calls God’s traits into question. If he was omnibenevolent he would want to heal everyone, and if he was omnipotent he would have the power to do so. But he doesn’t, so this calls his very existence into question. Therefore miracles do not provide hope. Dawkins also disagrees with the premise that miracles could provide hope. He claimed that miracles were simply events that fell towards the end of the probability spectrum, and if they do occur they are immense luck. He believes that there is no point in raising people’s hopes for an event that statistically will never occur to them. Many believers, particularly more conservative ones, would believe that miracles and wonders have mostly ceased in our time and what the hurting world really needs for hope is faith. Scholars such as Dr James White believe that modern churches that place far too much emphasis on needing miracles for hope are pushing people away from true, saving faith in Christ. Jesus himself chastised the people for only wanting to see signs and wonders rather than having true faith. Furthermore, miracles are not what is needed to provide hope for a hurting world. Science is. Instead of wasting time praying for individual healings, we should pour out time and energy into discovering cures and vaccines instead. Atheists such as Hawking use smallpox as an example. The human race was able to eradicate this disease through effort, intelligence and science. There was no need for divine intervention to cause hope. Overall, even if miracles are not real, what is wrong with giving desperate people a bit of hope? Nearly all nations have their own accounts of miracles which bring their people hope, it is unlikely they are all wrong.

The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on Rape Essay

The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on Rape - Essay Example Table 1: Raw employment and rape data from each of the 50 states for the year of 2010. Unemployment Rape 9.5 28.2 8 75 10 33.9 7.9 45 12.4 22.4 8.9 43.7 9.1 16.3 8.5 34.7 9.6 31.1 11.5 28.6 10.2 21.6 6.6 26.8 9.3 33.5 10.3 23.6 10.2 27.2 6.1 27.4 7 38.8 7.5 31.8 7.9 27.2 7.5 29.3 8.5 21.3 12.5 26.7 7.3 47.3 10.4 33.9 9.6 31.2 7.2 23.9 4.7 32.4 14.9 36.8 6.1 35.7 9.5 31.3 8.4 11.2 8.6 46.5 10.6 14.3 3.9 21.1 7 35.2 10.1 32.1 7.1 38.7 10.8 31.7 8.7 26.9 11.6 28.1 11.2 31.7 4.8 47.9 9.7 33.7 8.2 33.3 7.7 34.3 6.2 21.1 9.6 31.1 9.1 38.1 9.1 19.1 8.3 20.9 7 29.1 The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was used to test for a significant correlation between the two variables (Table 2). A two tailed test was used. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was -0.137 which indicates that there is a weakly negative relationship. For this study, an ? value of less than 0.05 was taken to mean the result was significant (at ?=0.05, the result has a 5% likelihood of being incorrect) (Lehman, 2005). T he p value for the correlation was 0.336, indicating that there was no statistically significant relationship between the two variables. Table 2: Output of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test for the raw data given in Table 1. Unemployment Rape Unemployment Pearson Correlation 1 -0.137 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.336 N 51 51 Rape Pearson Correlation -0.137 1 Sig. ... nsequence of these results, the null hypothesis, that there is no statistically significant relationship between the rates of rape and unemployment, is not rejected. These results mean that as the unemployment rate increased, the number of rapes per 100,000 people decreased. However, this trend was slight, and not significantly significant. Consequently, the most reliable and accurate conclusion from the data would be that the unemployment rate had no significant effect on the number of rapes. Policy and Research Effects The results of this study, as well as its policy implications, indicate little to no effect of unemployment rate on rape. Furthermore, the small effect that was observed was in the opposite effect than was predicted. It suggests that rape and unemployment are distinct factors that do not influence one another. As a consequence, and if the results of more rigorous studies support this finding, policy should not look at trying to decrease the amount of rape by decreasi ng unemployment, but rather work at developing solutions to both problems independently. The effect of unemployment on rape have been the focus of many studies, however the results from the current paper indicate that there may not be an effect. I would recommend that studies examine this trend over a longer period of time, as only one year was considered for this paper. In addition, it would be worth widening the focus to include other factors that may correlate with levels of rape, such as the prevalence of internet pornography, which has been suggested to decrease rape due to providing release for potential offenders. Other factors that have also been suggested to affect the amount of rape occurring include: the level of crime overall, availability of alcohol and drugs, poverty and

Functions of management and roles of management Assignment

Functions of management and roles of management - Assignment Example Furthermore, this paper intends to ascertain the primary reasons of McDonald’s behind securing a leading and most profitable fast-food restraint in the world (Sabharwa, 2012). Discussion With the advent of globalization and the rapid development in technology, it is very vital for every organization to adapt new techniques and strategies that would help them in maintaining and retaining a leading position in the market. Accordingly, McDonald’s is considered to be one of the leading fast-food restaurants in the world. The fast-food chain was established in the year 1940 in California USA. Currently, the fast-food chain has a total number of 34,000 stores across the world and it further intends to expand its number of stores in future. It is worth mentioning that at the initially the business faced many challenges from increasing competitors like Burger King and Subway. However, the effective management practice has embraced the fast-food chain to establish itself as a le ading and one of the most renowned fast-food brand around the world. The primary reason behind its success can be attributed to adaption and execution of modern management function within the organization. ... Planning Planning is an important task and is the first function of management. Good planning contributes towards making effective decisions in subsequent stages. Accordingly, McDonald’s has framed and implemented different marketing strategies to seek large customer base and loyalty. The prime focus of the fast-food chain has been to offer products at affordable prices. The fast-food chain has also emphasized on meeting the needs of children by increasing its product line especially meant for the children preferences and expectations. The fast-food chain widely considers promotional activities as an effective tool for increasing its competitiveness at global market segment. The fast-food chain has uses slogans such as â€Å"We love to see you smile,† â€Å"I’m Lovin’ it,† and â€Å"Food, Folks, and Fun,† among others as a medium for promoting its product and services. Another important component of the fast-food chain has been its ability to change its strategies quickly according to the changing business environment (Conrad, Grover, Vinciguerra & McKnight, 2009). Organizing The business model of McDonald’s is slightly different manner than other fast-food chain. The organization is considered to be one of the largest holders of franchisors around the world. After its establishment the organization has almost 34,000 stores and serving millions of customer’s daily worldwide. The strategy of providing franchisee is considered to be one of the most important functions of the company as it has helped the business in managing its brand awareness and expanding its business globally. Leadership The leadership in McDonald’s has always been a prime factor for its success. The organization follows

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance Term Paper

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance - Term Paper Example But it also further enriches a powerful minority, mainly the already wealthy, and this poses a major barrier to change.† Without effective interventions, we are teetering precariously near the edge of a precipice. This paper looks at the case of water as a prime example of a finite resource whose depletion, if left unarrested, will create serious problems for the world.Fresh water is a basic human necessity. We need it for drinking, sanitation and personal hygiene, irrigation, hydroelectricity, for the natural resources it contains (such as fish), to preserve ecological balance, as part of our cultural mythology and for enjoyment (as part of the scenery).Flowing river water is a common resource which confers user rights but no private ownership rights. Groundwater, on the other hand, is subject to private ownership and therefore vulnerable to excess exploitation. This also makes ground water harvesting practices more scattered and difficult to implement and monitor. As more and more parts of the world face increasing water shortages and water commoditization, the issue of water scarcity – how it is perceived, problematized and the consequences in the form of policy responses – becomes crucial. ... First and foremost, it is essential to study the concept of scarcity – its underlying assumptions and how these translate in policy terms. Scarcity is a central concept in economic theory, particularly neoclassical economic theory, which in turn has strongly influenced policy thought. This focus on scarcity as deriving from economic thought, has important implications for policy planners. Firstly, scarcity is a given in economics. Thus, policy makers need not necessarily try and understand the nature of the scarcity – whether it is absolute or relative, constructed or real (Mehta 2003 and 2006) They can simply accept it as a natural and inevitable condition, evaluating only the degree of scarcity and building responses accordingly. Secondly, under conditions of scarcity, the market is considered to be the most efficient allocator of resources. In many developing countries, the market is replaced by the state, but scarcity is still considered to be addressable external t o the situation either by the market (by privatising water for example) or by the state (through prioritising of needs and resources connected to water). Segerfeldt proposes that the problem is not the shortage of water, but the absence of or deficiency in effective policies. He states: Worldwide, 1.1 billion people, mainly in poor countries, do not have access to clean, safe water. The shortage of water helps to perpetuate poverty, disease and early death. However, there is no shortage of water, at least not globally. We use a mere 8 per cent of the water available for human consumption. Instead, bad policies are the main problem. Even Cherrapunji, India, the wettest place on earth, suffers from recurrent water shortages. In looking at the roots of the problem

Gender Roles and its Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Roles and its Effect - Essay Example The gender roles as defined by society therefore fail to pay attention to such groups who identify themselves as intersexual and transgender. Intersexual are individuals having male/female anatomical characteristics that deviate from the normal while transgender are those that identify with or express their gender identity through a gender that does not correspond to the sex at birth. In a society where a lot focus is placed on this gender binary, these individuals with characteristics that do not neatly fit the clear-cut male/female dichotomy face similar problems as socially constructed gender roles fail to accommodate them. Perceptions and judgments people hold about others are generally informed by social norms, which consequently leads to them gravitating to individuals that are least hostile to a society’s norms. To perceive and understand reality, people rely on senses, intellect and generally, held social constructs which makes them able to label certain objects and co ncepts. For example, a man is differentiated from a woman according to gender roles and behaviors that have been assigned to genders and are expected of them. Individuals who posses’ characteristics and behaviors regarded as ‘masculine’ by the society are identified as man, and vice versa. There is a complexity when individuals who do not identify themselves within the constraints of this gender binary fail to fit into the male/female duality. In her article, Judith Butler explains that through intelligibility, humans are able to recognize other humans based on â€Å"normal† human social and physical characteristics that are defined by the society. ... at a definable gender is necessary for understanding someone to be human, people hold dominant gender perceptions, which dictate that intersexed persons must conform to either male or female gender roles. Butler rather subverts gender roles, as she asserts that â€Å"justice is not only or exclusively a matter of how persons are treated or how societies are constituted. It also concerns consequential decisions about what a person is, and what social norms must be honored and expressed for ‘personhood’ to become allocated† (Butler, 58). She goes out of the norm to define justice not in terms of law but as the capacity to overlook the social norms that define an individual’s self-worth. According to her, justice is defined by the decisions held by a particular society in defining what it considers ‘human’. These include the accepted appearance, characteristics and behaviors of an individual. Individuals who portray characteristics and behaviors t hat deviate from what the society considers as the ‘normal’, their identity is questioned. A quandary arises since perceptions held by a society are not flexible to change for accommodation of such individuals, rather it is expected of the individuals to readjust and conform to the predefined gender roles. Gender roles are acquired through socialization whereby a society trains individuals to conform and practice certain values and behaviors. Judith Lorber states that, â€Å"gender construction start with assignment to a sex category on the basis of what the genitalia look like at birth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..a sex category becomes a gender status through naming dress and the use of other gender markers† when a child is born as sex is assigned to the child depending on the anatomical characteristics in particular the sex organs. As

Kant - Three Propositions from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Essay

Kant - Three Propositions from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - Essay Example In his second proposition, Kant iterates that the moral worth of an action derives from its maxim and not from its consequences. In further deliverance of this notion, Kant determines that a prescribed action done from duty is determined in its moral worth only by virtue of the principle, or maxim, in â€Å"accordance with which it is decided upon†. This implies that the moral worth of the will to do an action lies NOT in its motive or the desired effect from that action, but in the actual principle of the will. In Kant’s view, a will is genuine and morally sound if it is derived from duty alone instead of any ancillary motive where duty simply plays a complementary role instead of being the motivating factor in its entirety. Thus, it must necessarily follow that the person taking the action has recognized an a priori goodwill principle that they seek to fulfill by taking that action; thus, the action has been brought about from duty instead of being committed for a pur pose beyond that which imposed by the goodwill, rendering it of sound moral worth. Kant recognizes a third proposition in a similar way which at first seems like in stark contrast to his second proposition but in essence, follows through with the same elements of rationality by inciting a â€Å"respect for law† which imposes a duty to respect the moral law.... Such morality requires a conception of reason, which in normal daily lives goes well beyond our basic desires. In these arguments, Kant sets out to establish the foundational principle of a set of morals. What he is trying to show is that this foundational moral principle draws from a rational will in all of us, and it is this rational will that makes us possess the autonomy to act morally. This autonomy is essentially derived from duty and has the capability of denouncing all inclinations (second proposition) in order to pursue actions that are done strictly in respect of moral law (third proposition). As he rounds up his arguments in this work, he puts it clearly that there are universal moral laws, and any action that is agreeable should not only obey a moral law, but should be done to ensure morality is upheld (Kant 4:400). Any action that is not done for the sake of a moral law even if it conforms to a moral law is not logically necessary. Thus, it is prudent to observe and link the second and third propositions in pursuit of the universal law of morals. Kant seems to maintain that the second proposition is directly linked with the third proposition. However, the notion of respect seems to suggest otherwise as it exists in the third and not in the second proposition. What, then, is respect? Respect is a notion unhinged to the personal faculty of desire and is therefore not an inclination. In plain English, thus, respect is an attitude which impels goodwill actions. An action done by reason of inclination, as opposed to one by reason of respect, would seek a desired effect, and is NOT an action from duty, but an action for a purpose. This brings us to a consideration of the

American Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Economics - Essay Example It was easily understandable that the situation had worsened far beyond immediate recovery. During this time, the concept of 'free market' prevailed. This idea suggested that the market would effectively balance itself the business could run smoothly without any government intervention. With this belief the government of President Hoover did not take any action believing the market would attain balance soon by itself and prosperity would return. It was assumed that once public regained confidence, business would begin and economy restored; but the business would not resume as there was surplus in the market that was unsold. Later, the government attempted to minimize state spending and increase taxes which in turn reduced the liquid money from market and worsened the situation. Attempts were made later to make this loss good by providing loans to banks in order to pump in money in market by offering relief work, providing loans to industries and expanding public works. No assistance in terms federal help was not provided and the government promoted 'self help' groups to promote self reliance. Decline in world trade and imports reduced because of an increase in import tariff. As an effect, exports also reduced considerably further weakening the state economy. With the onset of President Franklin Roosevelt's government, the

Structured essay on a comprehensive Marketing Plan to Promote YHA

Structured on a comprehensive Marketing Plan to Promote YHA Australia using UKs Back Packers as market target - Essay Example Cheaper flights and favourable exchange rates have encouraged the tremendous growth of this market with more than 400 000 backpackers expected to visit Australia in 2002. (Macbeth and Westerhausen, 2003) Backpackers hold special potential for regional Australia. Already, backpackers make up more than half of all international visitors and visitor nights in some parts of regional Australia. Their tendency to roam farther afield than other types of tourists is reflected in the fact that backpackers visited an average 10.6 regions in Australia during 1995-96, compared with 2.7 regions for all visitors. However although backpackers are visiting up to four times more of Australia than other types of tourists, large sections of regional Australia continue to be bypassed altogether The marketing strategy for backpacker tourism is composed of four strategies: promote 'quality' tourism based upon: maximizing income from tourism through a value-volume strategy (i.e. relatively lower growth in arrivals, but targeting higher-spending visitors); reducing seasonality; repositioning Australia's image as a destination, with greater emphasis on experiences linked to the island's environment and cultural heritage, marketing Australia's diverse population as a 'a mosaic of nature and culture, a whole, magical world concentrated in a small, warm and hospitable island in the Mediterranean at the crossroads of three continents, between West and East, that offers a multidimensional, high quality tourist experience. Tourism Australia has been active in this segment for a number of years, and is building on past experience to continue to develop it. Investing in this segment now will provide substantial returns in the future as the backpackers of today are likely to become the returning high-yield target markets of tomorrow. Backpackers area unique tourism segment. Their characteristics are as follows: there is an evident and strong social interaction among backpackers, the existence of backpacker enclaves, the relatively prolonged duration of most backpacker journeys compared to the conventional tourist trips), and the inviting traits of a classic anthropological subject, rites of passage. Parallel with the growth and expansion of the phenomenon itself, research into backpacker tourism has grown dramatically too, and a noteworthy share of that research has been conducted by means of ethnography, while a large share of the remainder display much influence from ethnographic methodology. The autho r has been part and parcel of this development as he, since 1990, in total has conducted more than two years of ethnographic fieldwork among backpackers and has published several papers on the ethnography of backpackers INTRODUCTION 'Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world, accounting for 11.7 per cent of world GDP, 8 per cent of world export earnings, and 8 per cent of employment. This mobility affects almost everywhere, with the World Tourism Organization publishing tourism statistics for over 180 countries (WTO 2002). Almost no countries are not significant senders and receivers of visitors. Internationally there are over 700 million legal passenger arrivals each year (compared with 25 million in 1950) with a predicted 1 billion by

Howard Gardner -Theory Essay Example for Free

Howard Gardner -Theory Essay Most learning institutions generally focus education on the linguistic and mathematical intelligence. Children in pre-school are first taught to know their ABCs and to count from one to ten. Those who can recite the alphabet well are considered bright students. Learners who can do addition at an early age are placed on the honors list. It had been that intelligence is measured using IQ tests. The higher the IQ is the smarter the person is. But the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, proposed by Howard Gardner in the year 1983, states otherwise. The theory basically implies that other than linguistic and mathematical competence, there are other or multiple aspects of the learning that should be considered as intelligence also. Likewise, the theory points out that standardized IQ tests is not a sufficient measurement of smartness or dumbness of a person. Gardners theory stirred the psychological and educational communities. It received varied reactions. Some were impressed and readily accepted the theory as it explains the differences of each students. Yet, some raised their eyebrows and issues sprouted as questions of validity and empirical evidences of the theory may not sustain the claims of the theory. There have been a lot of debates pertaining to multiple intelligences. Several writers have also expressed their varied opinions regarding the topic. Indeed the theory   proves to be an interesting milestone in the study of human learning and cognitive sciences. It also gives a lot of insight on how education in the future would affect the different abilities of each person. The theory, which is more than 20 years old, is already accepted and even integrated in some school but at the same time still in the middle of scrutiny. Howard Gardner was born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents   were originally from N rnberg, Germany. They went to the US in 1938 with their three-year old son Eric. Before Gardner was born, Eric died in a sleighing accident. These were not known to Howard during his childhood but have a fairly significant impact upon his thinking and development. He was discouraged from trying risky physical activities and was rather   encouraged to develop his creative and intellectual abilities. As he began to find out his family history, he realized that he was different from his parents and friends. For his education , he went to a preparatory school in Kingston , Pennsylvania against his parents wish to send him to Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts . After that, Gardner attended Harvard University and took up a course in history in preparation for a career in law. In Harvard he was able to study under scholars like Eric Erickson, sociologists David Riesman and cognitive psychologist Jerome Burner. Howard Gardners theory on multiple intelligences attempts to provide a comprehensive view of intelligence. In the psychological era where the single theory prevailed, Gardner broke away and stopped from settling with just a single factor to be held responsible for intelligence. He rejected the idea of measuring intelligence through IQ tests. According to Howard Gardner, human beings have nine different kinds of intelligence that reflect different ways of interacting with the world. Gardner developed the well-known theory of eight multiple intelligences, consisting of verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligences. For Gardner, a person must satisfy a range of these criteria in order to quality as a person possessing intelligence. This is a much better theory, because it does not limit itself to a single entity. Compared to a single theory of intelligence where the theorist must restrict himself into choosing one that would provide the answer to measuring a persons knowledge and abilities, Gardners theory opens itself to the possibility that there could be many areas where a person could demonstrate his skills and knowledge. The advantage of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences lies in its being an â€Å"account of human cognition in its fullness†. It takes into account that man is equipped with a basic set of intelligences and that each man is unique with respect to which different components of the set of intelligences he may possess. This leads to the notion that man has the opportunity of taking advantage of his uniqueness by tailoring his education in accordance with his strengths and weaknesses. Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple Intelligences is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with a single intelligence, that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that that there is eight different intelligences in humans. Most intelligence tests only one or two intelligences, usually language and logic. Six others according to Gardner are musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Gardner believes that everyone acquires all eight of these intelligences, and through environment, genetics, and different experiences no two people have the same make up of intelligences. Because of these differences we need to look at educating students differently. We can either overlook these differences in our students and teach them all the same way, or realize that all students have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and factor these differences into the way we teach our students. Unfortunately in our schools if a student has an understanding of the intelligences language, and logic, than they will have no problem passing the kind of tests that are given in school, which in turn will make them feel that they are very smart. But another student who may have weaker language, and logic intelligences but is altogether just as intelligent as the other student, will never is able to pass the tests required in our schools. And in turn these students will grow up feeling as if they are not smart, when in fact they can be extremely intelligent. Some students may have a better understanding of subjects if only they were taught to use any other of their intelligences to understand a particular subject. Students and educators need to figure out how a particular mind works, for them to better learn and understand. If a student at an early age feels that they are not as smart as the other students, it will affect them for their whole lives. They will feel differently about themselves, and school. This will also cause a low self-esteem which will hurt them, and keep them from reaching their full potential. Gardner believes that a student first needs to try to improve their language, and logic intelligences, but if they can’t they should know that they still have the ability to learn, and should try using many of their other intelligences. Basically educators and students need to realize that no two people think the same way, and need to modify the curriculum to help every student learn and understand. Gardner believes that elementary school should not be a time of strict, disciplined learning, but a time to teach the joy of learning. Young children need to learn the differences between, opinions, beliefs, and evidence, and this will carry them throughout the later education years.   I think that in our schools we have some a few programs like classes for gifted students, and classes for slower students. But when it comes down to it everyone is taught the same material in the same way, and is everyone is expected to pass the same test. I think that seeing what Gardner believes in our classrooms today would be encouraging, and wonderful. But I also think that realistically it would be very difficult to be carried out in all of our schools. But when it comes down to it we as a nation needs to realize that our children are the future of our country. Resources: Website: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_overview.html July 19, 2010 http://www.thelearningweb.net/chapter10/page365.html

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay People that get in trouble for driving under the influence should have their licenses revoked forever. They put innocent people’s lives in danger for their own enjoyment. They also put their own lives in danger. Hundred and thousands of people die every year due to drunk driving incidents. Sometimes the people causing these tragedies, get the privilege to drive on our streets again. Does this sound right? Should we really risk other people’s lives just so this person is allowed to drive again? I don’t think so. Why should these people be rewarded with their licenses after putting innocent people’s lives in danger? Why should these people have the ability to drive on the streets? Driving is a privilege, that can and should be taken away. There were 11,773 deaths caused by drunk drivers in 2008. 32% of all car accidents in the U.S. are caused by drinking and driving. .216 children under the age of fourteen were killed in 2008 because of people getting behind the wheel after consuming too much alcohol. It is only the right thing to do, to take away the licenses from these people forever. They have lost their privilege and should not have it given back to them. A few years ago, on my aunt and uncles wedding day, my aunt was killed. They were on their way to their honey moon when they were hit straight on by a drunk driver. She died instantly. It was traumatizing for my uncle, the rest of my family, and all of my aunts friends. They lady that hit them is currently in jail, and will be for another twelve years. She will have her license revoked forever. The way it should be. But will that really keep her off the streets when she gets out of prison? We don’t know. Drunk driving is wrong and unacceptable. It is selfish and careless, and should not be treated with ease. People caught doing this should be punished severely.

A Critical Evaluation Of The Balanced Scorecard Accounting Essay

A Critical Evaluation Of The Balanced Scorecard Accounting Essay In 1992, Kaplan and Norton first published a paper about the Balanced Scorecard ¼Ã‹â€ BSC ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. It was a huge success and BSC soon became very popular all over the world. Before BSC emerged, organizations usually use traditional methods of performance evaluation focused mainly on financial measures such as ROCE, sales and profits. BSC translates an organizations mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures that provides the framework for a strategic measurement and management system. The scorecard measures organizational performance across four linked perspectives: financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). In recent years, a number of multi-national organizations have introduced BSC as part of their management control systems. The purpose of this paper is to give a critical evaluation of the BSC as a performance management tool in multi-national organizations. The paper is structured as follows: the next part gives some reasons of multi-national organizations using BSC and the advantages of using it. The second is about some limitations of using BSC and the reason why it is not suitable for some organizations. One specific example is given for both parts. The last part is the conclusion of this paper. BSC has been widely used in multi-national organizations in the past 15 years. It obviously has some benefits to these organizations. Here are some of the advantages of BSC and they are also reasons that make so many organizations adopt BSC. Firstly, each perspective of BSC requires the identification of a number of goals, and suitable measures. This means that BSC can provide strong support to the decision making of the organization. In the world which is full of competition, its very important for an organization to identify what is most important. Each goal and each measure of the BSC is closely related to the strategic target of the organization. The organization can make strategic decisions based on the BSC. Multi-national organizations are often very large, they need simplified and concentrated target for the whole organization to keep themselves competitive. Otherwise, the connection between different departments will become weak and the organization will finally fall apart. Secondly, BSC guards against sub-optimisation, so that improvement in one area is not achieved at the expense of another. Teamwork is a very important part of corporate culture. BSC combines different elements of an organization and that enables managers to consider what different departments functions are. In traditional methods of performance evaluation, managers only focus on financial figures. This can lead to decisions that make one department improve its performance on the expense of another. This is quite important to multi-national organizations. A multi-national organization has many departments and one of the managers tasks is to coordinate these departments and make the most use of each department. If one department improve its performance on the expense of another, there will be serious problems for the organization. Thirdly, BSC brings together many of the different elements of a companys business and strategy into a single report. This can make decision making process more efficient. All of the four perspectives of BSC are key elements to the success of an organization. BSC provides a report of the combination of the four perspectives and it can save time for managers who are making decisions. It also enables managers to minimise information overload by limiting the number of measures used. Nowadays, organizations seldom get bothered because of lack of information, on the contrary, they often have to deal with more information than what they really need. This happens more often on multi-national organizations. Many multi-national organizations hire professionals as consultants and when these consultants provide suggestions, there will usually be an increase in the sources of information. This will thereby increase the pressure of dealing with information. BSC can help managers concentrate on on ly a few key factors, so that they can minimise information overload and make the right decision at the same time. Fourthly, BSC challenges managers to look at organizations in new ways and to talk to stakeholders about the issues which really matter. It can also inspire employees to work harder. Traditional methods of performance evaluation stress what managers want employees do and then evaluate the result. Theyre about the control of results. BSC, on the other hand, stresses target management. It encourages employees to reach the target creatively. Top managers dont know everything themselves. The BSC lets people who know the area best make the best decision and the task for top managers is to combine all these together and set a target for the organization as a whole. Managers dont have to look at the detailed information, they just need to set targets and make decisions for the organization as a whole. This can be quite important to multi-national organizations because they usually have departments all over the world, its impossible for top managers to look into every detail in every departm ent and shareholders need the most important information to make decisions. So BSC turns out to be a very good tool for multi-national organizations. However, BSC is not suitable for every organization in the world. It also has some limitations. Firstly, BSC is to complicated for some organizations. Organizations have to increase the number and breadth of performance measures when the adopt BSC. Many organizations find it complex for evaluating business units performance because BSC has large number of performance measures across several perspectives. (Kraus, K. and Lind, J., 2010) If an organization wants to adopt BSC, it has to establish clear and real cause-and-effect relationships between different measures. Its much easier than done in reality, even Kaplan and Norton admitted it (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). This process of establishing relationships may take years to complete. Therefore, many organizations find it hard to adopt BSC. And some organizations which do adopt BSC just simplify it by reducing measures and some even focus on financial measures only, just like what they do in traditional methods. Secondly, BSC may result in employees paying attention to the areas measured. Since BSC outlines what the organizations strategy and all the areas that will be measured, employees will start paying attention to these areas so that they can get high reward through good performance in these areas. Theyll ignore areas that wont be assessed because they wont get reward from these areas. And this can become a weak point of the organization. The use of BSC requires a change in the orientation of the employees. Managers have to think about customers, internal business process and learning and growth as well as financial perspective, which means managers have to know more than just financial figures. Other employees, at the same time, are also forced to look at the organizations goal instead of their own production or sales goals. This requires that all of the employees must have a higher education than they had in traditional methods. Thirdly, BSC may be too restrictive and also may not be able to cope with a fast changing business environment. The market is changing rapidly nowadays and it takes time to construct a BSC system in the organization. Important elements for an organization change everyday. And new elements arise everyday. Its quite possible that one element is very important when the organizations decides to adopt BSC and becomes not important at all when BSC is finally established. Fourthly, some organizations may face capital market pressure. Most organizations, especially multi-national organizations, raise fund from the capital market. Capital market influence managers decisions a lot. Managers know what they say and do may affect the stock price and they know that usually analysts are only interested in financial measures. This leads to organizations focus on income and revenues because this is what theyre measured on externally (Kraus, K. and Lind, J., 2010). Finally, BSC may have a high cost. BSC requires an organization to think from and set target in financial perspective, customer perspective, business process and learning and growth perspective. This require not only deep understanding of the overall strategy of the organization, but also the separation of the strategy into different departments. The organization needs to set proper goals and measures for each department. And employees need to learn about BSC to make sure the system will work. Information of each department and each perspective of the BSC needs to be collected. Establishing BSC consumes a lot of time and resources. Even established, BSC can cost a lot. It needs continuous collection of information. And there is a learning and growth perspective in BSC, which can be quite expensive. So many organizations may abandon BSC just because of the high cost. Lets take Coca-Cola, the famous multi-national company based in America, as an example. Coca-Cola Beverage Company in Sweden (CCBS) adopts BSC in the company. CCBS took the advice of Kaplan and Norton. It decided to measure its performance from financial perspective, customers, internal business process, and learning and growth. The top managers had a three-day meeting to discuss about it. They set a long-term target for the company (about 3 years). They also described the market conditions at that time. Then they decided an overall target for the company and set measures for different systems and programs. The top managers tried to keep each perspective of the BSC balanced. In order to do that, CCBS used a step-by-step way. First of all, the managers set some financial measures related to the overall strategy, set financial targets on these measures and then reached these targets in a proper way. The second step was to repeat the same process in the customers perspective. The question was how our customers will respond if we plan to reach our financial target. The third step was to identify the internal business process. The managers asked themselves some questions: do we have enough creativity? Are we willing to change ourselves in order to make the company change in a proper way? After this process, CCBS was able to make sure that each perspective was balanced and all the measures would lead the company to the same direction. But they did think that it was necessary to repeat these steps several times before they became totally balanced. CCBS didnt put emphasis on business plans or budgets. It didnt see BSC as something can be unchanged. On the contrary, it considered every problem in a changeable way and made modifications every year. This may be the main reason that made BSC adoption in CCBS such a success. Some other subsidiaries of Coca-Cola are also establishing BSC in recent years. However, Coca-Cola didnt ask all of its subsidiaries to adopt BSC as a tool of performance measurement. Different companies may have different conditions and different management. Since all the laws and economic environment in different countries are distinct and the adoption of BSC requires good management, BSC may not be suitable for some companies. Take companies in China as an example. The stock market in China is not as mature as it is in European countries. Many investors in the stock market dont have enough economic background and they usually rely on analysts. However, analysts only care about financial figures. This leads to some companies consider BSC as useless. And in some companies which do use BSC, managers often ignore the real core of BSC. They usually use BSC to measure performance of employees and decide their wages only and they dont realize that BSC is actually about the companys overall strategy. So BSC is not suitable for most companies in China right now. BSC adoption needs a more mature market and managers who really understand what BSC is. In conclusion, BSC has many benefits and it can help organizations become more competitive. But it also has some limitations and it doesnt work in some countries and in some businesses. It is not suitable for every organization.

Pauls Case :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film Pauls Case is by Lemont Johnson but is written by Willa Cather. Its about Paul, a sensitive high school student, felt very frustrated with his home life and his family's expectations that he would grow up to work in a factory or the steel mills as his father and most of his neighbors did. He was not close to anyone in his family and had no neighborhood or school friends. Instead, he spent his evenings ushering at the symphony hall or backstage at a local theater. Paul dreamed of living the life of the performers he saw. He was without discipline and without direction. He had problems at school and was surly when called before a school committee. Eventually he was pulled out of school and sent to work by his father. He devised a scheme to steal money from his employer and then ran away to New York City where he stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, living for a few days the life of his dreams. When he realized that he would have to return home and accept his puni shment he killed himself. Paul felt like his father, his uncaring teachers and classmates weren’t worthy of his company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul has entered the theater through the backstage door and the actors are coming off stage and walking up the steps to the dressing rooms. The first shot is of Paul looking up at the actors and talking to them. The camera shot is a bird eye view of Paul looking up at the actors. He looks up to the actors and feels they are better then everyone. They are the best of the best and Paul wants to be like them. Then the scene switches to an ants view of the actors. This symbolizes the fact, that they are high class and they are looking down at Paul. The next scene is again a bird’s eye view of Paul looking up at the actors and then another ant’s view of the actors looking down at Paul. This shows how Paul viewed the actors, he thought they were the highest class and he wanted to be just like them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this scene Paul has just entered the hotel after stealing the money and running away to New York. There is a long shot of the inside of the hotel and Paul has just walked through the door and is walking closer to the camera.

societhf Oppressive Societies :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huck Finn and Oppressive Societies The world in which we live in now is much less oppressive than say the world lived in the middle of the 1800's. Up until the Civil War, the South depended on their 'peculiar institution' of slavery, in order to be productive a successful. Most people believed slavery was not wrong, but those who thought otherwise seldom tried to alter it. In general if surrounded by oppressive environment, one does not usually try to make a difference in that world. This is because people are afraid to defend what is right against a whole mass of people who believe otherwise. Huck Finn in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Billy Budd in Billy Budd, and Frederick Douglass in his autobiography all portray individuals who because of their good, innocent qualities go up against the oppression in their society. Living in an oppressive society does not always draw you to do the wrong thing you are still capable of generating change, whether it be for a certain individual or against a whole mass of people. Billy Budd starts off on the ship the "Rights of Man", Melville obviously showing his intent in the naming of the first ship. This shows that on this ship where Billy wanted to be and chose to be he had rights. That he and the other crew had choices of what to do and how to be. Then along comes the British navy and decides that they are going to take Billy aboard their ship "Power of War". This is when Billy is brought into an oppressive society. This is the navy and wartime during which rules must be followed as well as a lifestyle that must be followed. Billy is a poor innocent boy with a childish stutter. This stutter shows Billy's humane side, a flaw, as well as leading you to the thinking that he has the innocence of a child. This stutter is connected to innocence because of its childish qualities. When most children begin speaking they have some sort of stutter, which usually goes away. The stutter parallels innocence because it is showing that you are just learning how to talk and don't really comprehend the correct way to make sounds, as you grow older you learn and the stutter disappears.

Amazon.com - A Giant of E-commerce Essay -- Business Management Studie

Amazon.com - A Giant of E-commerce EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Electronic commerce industries that make â€Å"e-commerce† possible are growing at breakneck speed, altering not only how Americans, but also the global marketplace produces, markets, and acquires goods and services. In the e-commerce industry, it is generally agreed that Amazon.com provides one of the best business model â€Å"benchmarks† today. Amazon.com came online in the summer of 1995 with a mission to use the Internet to transform book buying into the fastest, easiest and most enjoyable shopping experience possible. According to their home page Amazon.com â€Å"since the summary of 1995 our customer base and product offerings have grown considerably, millions of people in more than 220 countries have made Amazon.com the leading online shopping site.† When you visit Amazon.com, you can buy books, music, videos, and more--by a click of the mouse. While the company has yet to turn a profit, they have revolutionized e-commerce by making customer interaction and feedback part of their brand image. Amazon’s method is to create a â€Å"community† of consumers. Much of their products speaks for themselves, so the customer feedback provides an objective measuring stick for the integrity of Amazon’s services. Individuals may express their opinions on all available products. Promoting such favorable business environment Amazon hopes to reinforce awareness and confidence in e-commerce customer population, as well as encouraging best practice among competitors. Amazon’s competitive threats come from other e-commerce, Web sites like: Walmart.com, Barnes & Noble.com, Ebay.com, etc. Amazon knows that customers are sensitive to product quality and price, and personal information security so at Amazon.com they can expect to benefit from all three offerings. Amazon.com has a world-class management team led by Mr. J effrey P. Bezos founder and company’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. He has exceptional knowledge of the industry. As stated in the home page new release â€Å"On a single Saturday in July, 100 airplanes and 9,000 trucks delivered more than 250,000 copies of "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" to customers,† providing the hottest kid’s book faster than local bookstores. This action clearly shows the powers of our suppliers and buyers. Amazon.com is committed to customer satisfaction despit... ...C. (2001). Amazon to cut product offerings, drop layoff clause. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_578031,00.html. Chait, M. (2001). Amazon releases preliminary q4 highlights. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_554311,00.html Cox, B. (2001). Amazon tops in online ad spending. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_534171,00.html Cox, B., Chait, M. (2001). 1,300 layoffs at Amazon. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_580621,00.html Stepankowsky, P. L.(1998). Cyberspace hits the real world. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.bus.utexas.edu/~west/wwwboard/messages/90.html#followups http://www.ecommerce.treasury.gov.au/ http://www.cordis.lu/esprit/src/ecomcom.htm http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/index.html http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GreenDesign/research.html http://investor.cnet.com/investor/news/newsitem/0-9900-1028-8139066-0.html?tag=ltnc Amazon.com - A Giant of E-commerce Essay -- Business Management Studie Amazon.com - A Giant of E-commerce EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Electronic commerce industries that make â€Å"e-commerce† possible are growing at breakneck speed, altering not only how Americans, but also the global marketplace produces, markets, and acquires goods and services. In the e-commerce industry, it is generally agreed that Amazon.com provides one of the best business model â€Å"benchmarks† today. Amazon.com came online in the summer of 1995 with a mission to use the Internet to transform book buying into the fastest, easiest and most enjoyable shopping experience possible. According to their home page Amazon.com â€Å"since the summary of 1995 our customer base and product offerings have grown considerably, millions of people in more than 220 countries have made Amazon.com the leading online shopping site.† When you visit Amazon.com, you can buy books, music, videos, and more--by a click of the mouse. While the company has yet to turn a profit, they have revolutionized e-commerce by making customer interaction and feedback part of their brand image. Amazon’s method is to create a â€Å"community† of consumers. Much of their products speaks for themselves, so the customer feedback provides an objective measuring stick for the integrity of Amazon’s services. Individuals may express their opinions on all available products. Promoting such favorable business environment Amazon hopes to reinforce awareness and confidence in e-commerce customer population, as well as encouraging best practice among competitors. Amazon’s competitive threats come from other e-commerce, Web sites like: Walmart.com, Barnes & Noble.com, Ebay.com, etc. Amazon knows that customers are sensitive to product quality and price, and personal information security so at Amazon.com they can expect to benefit from all three offerings. Amazon.com has a world-class management team led by Mr. J effrey P. Bezos founder and company’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. He has exceptional knowledge of the industry. As stated in the home page new release â€Å"On a single Saturday in July, 100 airplanes and 9,000 trucks delivered more than 250,000 copies of "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" to customers,† providing the hottest kid’s book faster than local bookstores. This action clearly shows the powers of our suppliers and buyers. Amazon.com is committed to customer satisfaction despit... ...C. (2001). Amazon to cut product offerings, drop layoff clause. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_578031,00.html. Chait, M. (2001). Amazon releases preliminary q4 highlights. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_554311,00.html Cox, B. (2001). Amazon tops in online ad spending. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_534171,00.html Cox, B., Chait, M. (2001). 1,300 layoffs at Amazon. Internet News. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article/0,,4_580621,00.html Stepankowsky, P. L.(1998). Cyberspace hits the real world. Retrieved April 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.bus.utexas.edu/~west/wwwboard/messages/90.html#followups http://www.ecommerce.treasury.gov.au/ http://www.cordis.lu/esprit/src/ecomcom.htm http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/index.html http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GreenDesign/research.html http://investor.cnet.com/investor/news/newsitem/0-9900-1028-8139066-0.html?tag=ltnc

Perpetual Help System Essay

1. What do you think is the function of the nictating membrane, and why ? The nictitating membrane is a protective, semi-transparent third eyelid. It allows vision while giving the eye extra protection. In the case of frogs, the protection is needed when the frog is out of the water. The clear nictitating membrane allows the frog to keep looking for prey – and looking out for herons and other hunters! – while its eyes are protected from dust and from the drying effects of the air. 2. A frog does not chew its food, what do the positions of its teeth suggest about how the frog uses them ? That they are intended for gripping, not for chewing. The 4 teeth a frog has, are positioned with 2 on the sides and 2 in the center, and are angled toward the throat. This helps keep the food going in the direction of the digestive tract†¦but unable to back out of the mouth. 3. Trace the path of food through the digestive tract. In the frog’s mouth there is a front hinged tongue. This flips food into the gullet, which is the entrance to the esophagus. The food is moved down into the stomach by muscle contraction. The stomach breaks food down mechanically using its multiple muscle layers. It also secretes enzymes to convert complex nutrients into simpler ones. The enzymatic breakdown continues in the small intestine where the simpler nutrients are also then absorbed. The left over material is passed on to the large intestine where water may be absorbed from the mixture. 4. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system. The Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the right atrium. Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium. Since frogs have only one ventricle, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in the ventricle. From there, blood flows into the truncus arteriosus that contains a spiral valve to separate and lead the blood out into the body. 5. Trace the path of air through the respiratory system. Nostrils -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli 6. Trace the path of sperm in a male and eggs in a female. Male: Testes produce sperm, move through sperm ducts into the cloaca. Female: Ovaries produce eggs, move through oviducts into uteri, then through the coaca. 7. Trace the path of urine in both sexes. Urine is formed in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, then travels down the ureters to the bladder. Then it goes through the urethra to the outside. 8. Which part of the frog’s nervous system can be its abdominal cavity and hid legs? The Spincal cord and the muscualr system which mainly takes place in the thigh 9. Suppose in a living frog the spinal nerve extending to the leg muscle were cut. What ability would the frog lose? Why? In any vertebrates, all coordinated response movements and actions would be disabled from the point the nerve was injured and down. Severed spinal damage will kill the animal. 10. The abdominal cavity of a frog at the end of hibernation season would contain very fat bodies or move at all. What is the function of the fat bodies? To pertain its energy lose, from being lack to food. 11. Structures of an animal’s body that fit it for its environment are adaptions. How do frog’s powerful legs help it to fit into a life both in water and land? On land, the frog’s hind legs are what enables the frog to leap, and in the water, it uses its hind legs for swimming. Being able to leap quickly on land, and to swim just a quickly is one of the frog’s best defenses in avoiding predators. 12. During 1 mating of frogs, female lays some 2000 to 3000 eggs in water as the male sheds millions of sperm over them. How do these large numbers relate to the frog’s fitness for life in water? Frogs are very fit for life in water reproductively, because the large numbers of eggs and offspring will help to ensure some individuals survive to reproductive adulthood.

Knowledge Management – L. Prusak

The article â€Å"Where Did Knowledge Management Come From† by L. Prusak discusses different perspectives on development of knowledge management, analyzes impact of globalization on knowledge management and identifies disciplines which have shaped the field.   The article is retrieved from online database devoted to knowledge management and related issues.To find the article I had to refer to online search engines. Despite the fact that the paper is found in the Internet database, it is very scientific, opinionative and informative as the author provides examples and strong evidence to defend his positions, opinions and ideas. I think knowledge management plays crucial role nowadays in business world as it aims at fostering economic and financial development on both national and international levels.Prusak writes that nowadays knowledge management is widely known and practiced in many companies and organizations as it gives an excellent opportunity to look back, to admit fau lts and to work out new perspectives. Some analysts assert that knowledge management may replace declining revenues from the waning re-engineering movement, whereas others claims that knowledge management is able to enrich data and information management methods.Prusak says that â€Å"perhaps the majority of sceptics take the position—not an unnatural one—that every so-called new approach is, in reality, either old or wrong†. (Prusak 2001) It is necessary to note that Prusak defines knowledge management as system of thought and says that it is a combination of new ideas with old practices. He means that practitioners should be re-assured rather than unnerved.The author also discusses knowledge management in terms of globalization context. He says that globalization is the most obvious culprit. He argues that the volume of global trade is likely to be unprecedented. Today the number of global products is the highest compared to the previous years. Information tec hnologies are the primary contributor of speeding up expansion of global trade and the decline of centralized economies. It results in frenetic atmosphere within companies which are simply forced to bring new products as fast as possible.The central idea of the article is that knowledge can be hardly codified, digitized and distributed. The key components of knowledge are considered design, decisions, judgment, leadership, innovation, persuasiveness, and humor. They become more valuable than in the past years. Prusak claims that â€Å"a perhaps less evident but no less important trend is an emerging knowledge-centric view of the firm†. (Prusak 2001) He cites Sidney Winter who describes firms as â€Å"organizations that know how to do things†. (Prusak 2001)It is necessary to underline that economists define firm as a coordinated collection of capabilities and abilities based on experience, knowledge and history. Cognitive and social skills may limit firm’s effect iveness if not managed properly. Knowledge is claimed to the building block of the mentioned capabilities, especially knowledge which is the most specific to company’s objectives and operating areas.The next point to admit is that the author identifies primary disciplines which helped to shape the filed of knowledge management. The first is economics. Prusak assumes that if a company manages to coordinate the learning process it will be able to increase effectiveness and productivity. Otherwise, the company may fail to compete. Working out learning strategies is important issue in knowledge management.Secondly, sociology also contributes development of knowledge management on micro and macro levels. For example, at micro level â€Å"sociology’s strong research interest in the complex structures of internal networks and communities has obvious relevance to knowledge management†. (Prusak 2001) The author suggests that knowledge is growing as practitioners are stud ying networks and communities as the units of knowledge managements. Finally, philosophy and psychology contribute knowledge management as it aims at revealing implicit and explicit knowledge as well as exploring differences between ‘know how’ and ‘know what’.Further, Prusak distinguishes three practices which affect the content of knowledge managements. They are information management, human capital and the quality movement. Information management has been swiftly developing during the 70-80s. Usually, information technology is understood as â€Å"a subset of the larger information technology and information science world†. (Prusak 2001) Information forms a body of the thought focusing on how to manage information and how to manipulate it.Information management deals also with operational techniques, incentive schemes and governance. The quality movement is claimed to concentrate primarily on internal customers and transparent goals. However, knowle dge management hasn’t achieved the levels of measurable success. Despite that fact, the quality movement adapted the goals to different purposes of knowledge management. Finally, human capital is based on strong theoretical base. Human capital approach helps to identify financial advantage over other firms through training and professional education.The article discusses the origins of knowledge management, looks at past events and future development opportunities, and distinguishes key knowledge management components and practices. The article is directly related to the field of knowledge management as the author provides strong theoretical background of knowledge management, related disciplines and perspectives on future. The author tends to make people more aware of benefits offered by knowledge management.Works CitedPrusak, L. (2001). Where Did Knowledge Management Come From. Available at http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/404/prusak.html Accessed March 5, 2008.   

Computer Ethic and Privacy

Computers and the world of information technology are advancing quickly in this generation. Moor in his 1985 article â€Å"What is Computer Ethics? † stated that, â€Å"Computers provide us with new capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action†. Hence, arguments about privacy and ethics in computer technology arise. With the birth on computers there â€Å"was concern right away that computers would be used inappropriately to the detriment of society†(Herold, 2006). I believe that the good is outweighing the bad when it comes to computers.I also believe there is a degree of user Alana Northrop states in her paper that, â€Å"Computerized search systems have been one of the most widely deployed management science technologies in the fight against crime†(1993). Police officers use computers in their cars now. The computers gives them access to information on citizens and also has the ability to give them directions to where they want to go. E verybody benefits from the use of GPS. At some point everyone has used Google Maps and perhaps even Google Street View to find an address.But is Street View seen as an invasion of privacy? Or is it just another stride in computer and information advancement? I believe the way people use computers and information play a big role in the social benefits. People and corporations alike use computers and information as a tool for more information or for leverage. What users do not often understand is that â€Å"they also have a responsibility to consider the ramifications of their actions and to behave accordingly†(Herold, 2006).Software piracy and plagiarism are examples of what happens when computer users decide to ignore ethics and use the computer and information for their own personal gains and/or pleasure. Hackers believe that it’s acceptable to do anything with a computer as long as the purpose is to learn. This utilitarian way of thinking, that anything is ok as long as it is for the greater good (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2009), contributes to harming the social good. Hacking, piracy, plagiarism; these are the things happen because of how a person decided to use information.The information in and of itself is not harming the social good. That being said; the benefits of computers and the information they gather and store will always outweigh the harming of the social good. If you look at how far mankind has come with the help of computers and information technology, you will find evidence of this. Hospital records and now easier to access and store. Credit reports no longer takes weeks to obtain. We could go on and on with examples of how computers benefit society. I’m not sure that there is a way to effectively embrace computers while preventing the harm of the social good.With good things come the bad. We just need to accept that. Laws and regulations are in place to help minimize damage to the social good but even those have their li mits. It really leans heavily on the moral character of the people that live in today’s world. Yes, without computers we wouldn’t have these issues. But we do have them and they mostly make our lives easier and simpler and I would say the trade-off is fair. References: Beauchamp, T. L. , Bowie, N. , & Arnold, D. (2009). Ethical Theory and Business, (8th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Herold, R. (2006). Introduction to computer ethics. Retrieved from http://www. infosectoday. com/Articles/Intro_Computer_Ethics. htm Moor, J. (1985). What is computer ethics?. Metaphilosophy, 16(4), 266. Northrup, A. (1993). Police use of computers. Informally published manuscript, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, University of California- Irvine, Irvine, California. , Available from Escholarship. org. (qt71x0h7hb)Retrieved from http://escholarship. org/uc/item/71x0h7hb

Making Research Decisions Essay

Chapter 12 – Discussion Questions (Making Research Decisions) # 5 a Yes—Depends—No: One problem would be that â€Å"depends† is very vague and doesn’t give reasons as to why someone would pick â€Å"no† at some point and â€Å"yes† at another. A way to make this better would be to add a â€Å"please describe† line or change the wording all together. There is no way to express â€Å"don’t know† or â€Å"undecided†. b Excellent—Good—Fair—Poor: One problem with this would be that it may not have as valid a measure as say an 8 point scale, â€Å"as the number of scale points increases, the reliability of the measure increases. Second, in some studies, scales with 11 points may produce more valid results than 3-, 5-, or 7-point scales† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). What may be â€Å"good† to someone may be â€Å"fair† to another. c Excellent—Good—Average—Fair—Poor: People may have trouble telling the difference between â€Å"good† and â€Å"average† because shouldn’t â€Å"average† already be â€Å"good†? d Strongly Approve—Approve—Uncertain—Disapprove— Strongly Disapprove: An issue with this would be that it is an unbalanced scale, â€Å"unequal number of favorable and unfavorable response choices† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). Chapter 5 – Discussion Questions (Terms in Review) # 1- 3 1. a Purpose: This is one way that managers can study and chose information. This way evaluates the â€Å"explicit or hidden agenda of the information source† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). b Scope: The scope applies to the content of the information and the extent to which it covers such as any kind of limitations or time period sensitive data. c Authority: This factor looks at the quality and level of the information, for example what the source credentials are and whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. d Audience: This has to do with the type, any specific characteristics, of people or groups of people â€Å"for whom the source was created† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). e Format: This has to do with the way the data is presented â€Å"and the degree of ease of locating specific information within the source† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). 2. Define the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in a secondary search. A primary source is one that uses a valid original work such as raw data and is the most valid type of data. Secondary sources interpret the data and research from a primary source, an example of this would be a textbook or news article. A tertiary source is one that presents and interprets data that has been found from secondary sources. 3. What problems of secondary data quality must researchers face? How can they deal with them? One of the biggest problems with secondary data is the fact that the information being citied is an interpretation of the original data. The best way to avoid a misinterpretation of the data is to look for the original or primary source that is referenced in the secondary source and directly quote or use the data from that. This will eliminate the chance of having misinterpreted data put into an important project and it will lend you an additional source. Researchers should evaluate and select information sources based on the 5 factors. Read the case study, State Farm: Dangerous Intersections. Answer discussion questions 1 through 5. 1. Identify the various constructs and concepts involved in the study. To answer this question we must define what a concept and construct is, â€Å"an image or idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). A concept is â€Å"a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, or behaviors† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). A construct of this study is that if State Farm gives money to the states of dangerous intersections to fix them this will decrease the amount of claims in that area due to the intersection becoming safer due to alternate construct. A concept would be that State Farm cares about their customers. Another construct would be that the amount of claims in a given intersection is due to poor construct. Another concept would be that State Farm wants to help states to improve their intersections. 2. What hypothesis might drive the research of one of the cities on the top 10 †¨dangerous intersection list? An example of a hypothesis that may influence the research of one of the top 10 dangerous intersection list would be â€Å"This intersection is one of the top ten most dangerous intersections in the United States† or â€Å"This intersection is where 50% of the states accident claims occur.† 3. Evaluate the methodology for State Farm’s research. I would say that State Farm’s methodology is concrete because it specifies exactly what the variables are and how the study is constructed. They also implemented a measurement system for classifying accidents. 4. If you were State Farm, how would you address the concerns of transportation engineers? I would provide suggestions of what the constructs of the safest intersections in a comparable size city are and help the engineers come up with a solid and safe plan to reconstruct the intersection. I would need to make sure the engineers understood the idea of future studies as well as how the grant could assist them. 5. If you were State Farm, would you use traffic volume counts as part of the †¨2003 study? What concerns, other than those expressed by Nepomuceno, do you have? My concerns would be out of date data. That data would be almost ten years old and may not be the most accurate at this point. I would want to complete more relevant data for say the last 5 years. I would think it as prudent to include traffic volume counts and compare them to different areas because if there is less traffic at a given site there is more then likely going to be fewer accidents. I would propose to use different studies that compare different volume counts in different geographic areas to make the statistics more complete.

Being an Only Child or Having Siblings Essay

The bond between siblings is the most enduring bond that any of us experiences, this bond is not as demanding and critical as that of our parents, children or spouse and this is potentially longest relationship we will ever have in life. The bond that is shared with siblings helps to determine the quality of bond we will experience with our other relationships in life. Children who have brothers and sisters usually have more perspective of life than the only children. Sibling relationships can teach children the differences between the views of life, not just only from parents but it is also from their brothers and sisters close to their own age. The first thing that children who have brothers and sisters can learn is how to share with others. This helps to develop social skills at a young age, which are crucial throughout life. Although sometimes children just want to keep something for theirs own, they have to think about their siblings before doing that every time. It is just like a conception of sharing. Children with siblings are able to make and maintain friendships. However, the only child in a family has all the things that are given. They don’t have to worry about their sibling who they have to share with or think about. However, if the only child is around other children that do share, it can cause an altercation. In early childhood, children who have brothers and sisters, have constant companions and playmates, they can play games together, have conversations, learn to play make-believe and share problems with each other. Having siblings also teaches younger siblings things such as learning to walk and talk sooner, because the younger child will try and imitate with the older child is doing. They can also help to take care of each other. The older sibling can help the younger siblings with learning to make their bed, play football, basketball or help with homework. There is no limit to what siblings can do for each other. In comparison to only children who receive more of their parents’ attention, which may give them an advantage with help with homework, more playtime with dad or mom, and perhaps more or better toys, educational items, clothes, etc. because there is more money available. But, only children may not have the opportunity to socialize as much with other children. Days can be long with them. These parents may go to the parks more, and join mommy and me groups to help their children learn to interact with other children. As an adult, one usually finds a happy memory of their childhood to share with another person, of the relationship with their sibling. This could bring back feelings of happiness or hostility, depending on the severity of sibling rivalry. For some siblings, the rivalry carries on into adulthood and becomes unhealthy. On the other hand, a possible disadvantage for only children when they get older and reflect back on their childhood memories, is that they may regret not having a sibling. At the time, it may have seemed better to be the only child and have more physical things and attention. But upon growing older, they may miss the bond and relationship they could have had. In conclusion, an only child will always be just that. Once older, the family does not extend and they will not know the joy of having nieces and nephews and the special bonds and memories that come along with that. Also, the relationships among brothers and sisters are boundlessly varied, but whatever their characteristics, these bonds last throughout life. After the loss of a parent, a sibling is the only on that can truly understand what you are going through as well as the pain of your loss.

Philosophy - Introduction to Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy - Introduction to Ethics - Essay Example her in prison for six years, the system hopes that it will teach a future generation that just because you commit a crime and then become a fugitive for twenty-three years, you still do not escape justice. This is a utilitarian view. On the other hand, the retributivist view is the one I favor. Susan Ann Power did not need to be locked up to prevent her from committing future crimes. She had become a law abiding citizen for twenty-three years. This still did not change the crimes she had helped commit. Most state and federal laws, certainly the ones where Powers and her accomplices committed their crimes, state accomplices are just as guilty as the actual participants. Under these laws, Powers and Saxe could have received life sentences for the death of the Boston police officer. The least that Powers could serve was six years for the participation in a man’s murder. While she was on the run, having a sun, getting married, and being a good citizen, this officer’s family was suffering from his death. Everyone who participated in this crime needed to pay for the price of this man’s life, not just the one who shot him. Susan Ann Power received a balanced sentence of eight to twelve years. She proved that she would not continue in criminal activity. Power proved that she could become a law abiding citizen. Although she deserved to pay for her crime, her up standing life should have been taken into account as well. People labeled Bentham’s theory of the good life as â€Å"the pig philosophy†, because Bentham’s felt there were only two true mediums; pleasure and pain. He felt that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness. Although at first his theory was good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people, he soon saw how the two parts contradicted each other. After that, Bentham only went with the greatest happiness theory. Bentham’s theory was considered â€Å"the pig philosophy†, because what can give

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration Research Paper

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration - Research Paper Example The shaping of public policy today should be such that ‘the right’ people are attracted to the country. Globalization has also increased diversity in the workplace meaning that many people of different origins are working in the public sector. Management styles should also change in order to accept the changes of globalization. Competition is another dimension of public administration that globalization has contributed. Private sector is increasing its participation in the public sector due to deregulation and this is increasing competition. Global financialiazation has also affected public administration greatly. Introduction Globalization has changed the dynamics of business significantly all over the world. Newer business practices and management techniques have become inevitable in the new business environment that is dominated by diversity, both outward (customers) and inward (employees). Our world has transformed into a global village where distances no longer matt er. This has both increased the problems and opportunities for businesses. . Competition has increased but many new opportunities are also there to grab. Globalization has not only affected private firms who aim to maximize profits. Public sector organizations are equally affected by the process of globalization. ... Diversity will be discussed and how it has increased problems for public administrators. Management issues that have come up as a result of globalization in the public sector will also be elucidated. The element of competition in the public services sector will also be explained alongside with the global financial markets and its effect on public administration. In the end an appropriate video will also be suggested that will shed more light on globalization. Defining Globalization Globalization refers to eradication of state regulations on trade and exchanges across country borders, and a highly integrated and complex system of production, finance, and exchange that has emerged as a result of it (Palmer, 2002). The term globalization refers to a phenomenon that has changed the world in the 20th century. During 20th century many changes occurred in the whole world. The two world wars fought gave rise to massive industrialization throughout the world. An increasingly capitalistic syst em became popular and regulation became ‘old-fashioned’. Countries soon realized that they were making more goods than they could consumer and this gave rise to global trade on a large scale. After that countries attempted to produce only goods in which they possessed a competitive advantage. This again bolstered globalization. Globalization does not only refer to the economic changes that occurred in the 20th century rather it encompasses many things like cultures, traditions, consumption patterns, technology etc. All these things have become ‘globalized’ today and country specific differences are shrinking. Cultural globalization refers to homogenization of global culture which is happening due

Cooperative Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cooperative Learning - Essay Example Moreover, each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Hence, students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it (Kennesaw State University, 2009) There are several uses and benefits of cooperative learning, which have been typified by many authors. As such, according to Kennesaw State University (2009), the use of cooperative learning research design renders the following benefits: As stipulated by the authors above, cooperative learning provides positive learning experiences on students and might as well to the teachers. It improves not only the intellectual aspect of students, but also their overall sociability, that is, improved social interaction, communication, and above all, cooperative learning epitomizes the respect to classmates or members of a group regardless of color, ethnicity, or race. The above methods of cooperative learning are said to have considerable diversity (Kagan, 1985). Nevertheless, although the aforementioned methods have different philosophies distinct from one another, a common purpose seems to be their uniting point- group empowerment through cooperation (Kagan, 1985). According to Kagan (19... 5. It promotes positive social relations and pro-social development; and 6. It increases the liking among students for class, school, learning, and self. (p 67) As stipulated by the authors above, cooperative learning provides positive learning experiences on students and might as well to the teachers. It improves not only the intellectual aspect of students, but also their overall sociability, that is, improved social interaction, communication, and above all, cooperative learning epitomizes the respect to classmates or members of a group regardless of color, ethnicity, or race. The Methods of Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning has various methods, which adhere to its principle of learning through cooperation. Kagan (1985), in his chapter, presented six cooperative learning methods, which are as follows: 1. Student Teams-Achievement Division (STAD) a) Class Presentations b) Teams c) Quizzes d) Individual Improvement Scores e) Team Recognition 2. Teams-Games-Tournaments (TGT) a) Game Tournaments 3. The Orginal Jigsaw (or Jigsaw I) 4. Jigsaw II 5. Group Investigation 6. Co-op Co-op The above methods of cooperative learning are said to have considerable diversity (Kagan, 1985). Nevertheless, although the aforementioned methods have different philosophies distinct from one another, a common purpose seems to be their uniting point- group empowerment through cooperation (Kagan, 1985). The Elements of Cooperative Learning According to Kagan (1985), cooperative learning has certain elements that make its distinction from traditional instructional formats, which are summarized by the Kennesaw State University (2009), as follows: 1. Positive Interdependence 2. Face-to-Face Interaction 3. Individual and Group

Cfd ( solid work) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cfd ( solid work) - Assignment Example There are several commercial CFD packages accessible for modeling flow in or around objects in the fluid dynamics. The computer simulations display structures and details that are expensive, difficult or impossible to measure or visualized experimentally. When simulating the flow airfoils, transmission of laminar to turbulent flow plays asignificant role in determining the stream features and in enumerating the airfoil, performance such as lift and drag. Hence, the proper modeling of transition, including both the onset and the extent of the change will lead to more accurate drag prediction. The beginning of the development is on Michel`s methods of incompressible two-dimensional flow while the degree of the change is quantified by evolving a prototypical for the intermittency role. The shape of pressure distribution is directly related to the airfoil performance. The relationship between the airfoil geometry and airfoil pressure can be predicted numerically solving the relevant equation. Pressure increases as we move further from the surface. This means that the surface pressure is lower than the pressure far away In modern laminar flow, section, usually used on sailplanes, indicates that the concept is practical for some applications. Hence, the effectiveness of the idea is not wholly acknowledged, and the "Laminar Flow True-Believers Club" meets every year at the homebuilt aircraft fly-in.This is as shown below The coordinates of the upper and lower surface can characterize it. Which is often summarized by a few parameters and they include maximum camber, maximum thickness, position of max camber, position of max thickness, and nose radius.It has to be noted that one can generate a reasonable airfoil section given the above parameters. This is shown below: In general, we can say that the use of mathematical software packages provides a number of benefits that are relevant to an engineering user. Another factor to