native son :: essays research papers

Native Son by Richard Wright is a novel written about a black boy nerve-racking to grow up in a white mans world. Bigger, the main character is growing up in a typical black neighborhood. He is the solely man of the house so he must help his mother support them. In this novel it is important to understand that Bigger is prone to violence. In every tough situation he gets stuck in he refers to a violent action. This can be seen by the way he treats his friends and family.Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4, 1908 on a Mississippi plantation. During Wrights childhood he was often hungry. This allowed Wright to write passionately and eloquently about the meaning of suffering in the lives of laden and exploited people because that suffering was an integral part of his own life. The Communist Party had been the only if one to take a deep interest in Wrights life and had at one time offered to teach him to write. Richard Wright died on November 28, 1960, at the age of 52 in Paris.I feel that Max had the most set on Bigger. Max helped Bigger realize what he had done wrong and how that not all white people were out to get the black man. At times Bigger felt that Max was only trying to hurt him just I think that deep down inside, Bigger knew Max was only there to help him.Max looked out for Biggers best wishes. Max knew that if Bigger had testified the lawyers would have pounded him with questions and made him seem more guilty that he already was. I also think that it showed Bigger that Max cared about him and showed Bigger that he was going to help him though the trial.Max showed not only the court, but the province as a whole, that there is no way that Bigger can receive a fair trial. Bigger and Max both know this. I also think that Bigger knows he is going to die Max is the only one trying to help him. Max is trying to do the impossible. That is act upon a black man innocent in a white mans court.Max not only had a major influence on Bigger, but h e was one of the only people that cared about him and did not judge him by the color of his skin.

Vocational :: Business and Management Studies:

VocationalA. Calculate break even point on the basis of average guest per week.- Break even = Fixed costs character- Fixed costs = 35,000 + 8,650 = 43,650- Contribution = Selling price variable quantity costs- Selling price = one hundred fifty per person- Variable costs = 35 + 3 +5 + 10 = 53- Contribution = 150 - 53 = 97- Break even = 43,650 97 = 450 guests- This shows that 450 guests are to be held within a 30 week period.Therefore for the liberality to break even 15 guest are required each(prenominal)week.In order to heck that the answer I came to is excoriate I will take the450 guests (answer I came to) and, should the answer be correct,income (fixed costs + variable costs) would be equal to 0.Income = 450 x 150= 67,500Fixed costs = 43, 650 expenditure = 450 x Variable costs= 450 x 53= 23, 850Fixed costs + Variable costs = 23,850 + 43,650= 67,500Therefore income (fixed costs + variable costs) = 67,500 - 67,500= 0B. Assume that the holiday home is full (20 guests) for the wholeperiod (30 weeks). Calculate the margin of safety and the sales pricethat could be charged per guest to break-even.-Margin of safety = maximum issuing of residents break even-Max number of residents = 600-Break even = 450Therefore margin of safety = 600 450 = 150 guestsWhen referring to the margin of safety equalling 150, in simple termsthis means that the charity rat drop 150 guests and still not make aloss. By dividing 150 by 30 it can also be seen that they can drop 5guests per week making the break even point of 15 guests.Sales PriceSelling price x Contribution= 150 x 97= 14,550Maximum income = 150 x 600 = 90,000 (with 600 being the totalnumber of guests.)90,000 14,550= 75,45075,450600= 125.75This tells us that 125.75 can be offered to residents to break even.In order to suss out that the resulting answer is in fact correct I willtotal all costs and, if the my original answer is correct, they shouldequal 75,450Fixed costs = 43,650Variable costs = 53 x 600 (num ber of guests)= 31,80043,650 + 31,800 = 75,450-75,450600 =125.75 (per guest)Therefore in order for the charity to break even a charge of 125.75can be given to each person.C. The charity can extend its accommodation by renting an adjoiningproperty, this would allow a further 10 guests.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find by Mary Flannery O’Connor Essay -- Literary

Mary Flannery OConnor, the writer of many short stories known for their inhumane endings and religious themes, wrote A Good objet dart Is unenviable to Find in 1955. Her works combine flat realism with grotesque moorages violence occurs without apparent earth or preparation. (Roberts 429). A Good Man Is breathed to Find is about a southern familys trip to Florida which takes a dramatic turn. This story was compose in OConnors first collection of short stories. A Good Man Is Hard to Find is a compelling story of cataclysm that utilizes humor and irony to draw the readers attention, and two major characters to convey the authors central theme. Throughout the short story A Good Man Is Hard to Find OConnor uses humor to enhance her story and set a tone for the reader. Margaret Whitt states that Because of the specificity of detail of dress and family interaction, the story is also funny in a grotesque way (Whitt 44). OConnors humorous description and si tuations are used all through her stories including A Good Man Is Hard to Find (Wilson A Good). For Example, John Wesley tells his grandma, if you dont want to go to Florida, why dontcha balk at home?. At that point his gnomish sister June Star makes her way into the conversation and says, She wouldnt stay home to be queen for a day. June Star later adds, She wouldnt stay at home for a million bucks, to further exaggerate on her point. Even though grandma expresses how she does not want to go to Florida and would rather realize her connections in East Tennessee, she is still the first person in the automobile the next day for their three day trip to Florida. Another humorous situation happens while the family is driving through Georgia and the ... ...One Of My Babies The Misfit and the Grandmother. Studies in Short Fiction 33.1 (Winter 1996) 107-118. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 61. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 21 Feb. 2012. Keil, Katherine. OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find.. Explicator 65.1 (Fall 2006) 44-47. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Vol. 111. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 22 Feb. 2012.Nester, Nancy L. OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find. The Explicator 64.2 (2006) 115+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 21 Feb. 2012. Whitt, Margaret. Understanding Flannery OConnor. Columbia, southeast Carolina University of South Carolina, 1995. Print. Wilson, Kathleen, ed. Short Stories for Students. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 1997. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Feb. 2012.

Essay --

Merging Bharat with India ( believeing the UNBANKED)IntroductionIndia is very well positioned for a new era of growth. It has a young demography, an copiousness of entrepreneurial vigour, a highly competitive and agile services sector, signifi washbowlt potential in burgeoning industries and massive untapped consumer demand in its rural populations. The banking industry has also shown tremendous growth in volume and complexity since the advent of 1991 reforms in India. Despite making significant improvements in all the areas relating to financial and scotch viability, profitability, governance and competitiveness, there are concerns that banks have not been able to reach and bring vast chunk of the population, especially the people touted to be at the rear of the pyramid into the fold of basic banking services. This brings us to the much discussed and deliberated topic of financial inclusion.What exactly is Financial Inclusion? Dr K C Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India defines Financial Inclusion in these words, Financial Inclusion is the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services needed by all sections of the society at an affordable cost in a fair and transparent manner by mainstream institutional players.Current ScenarioAs we have moved forward on the path of reforms, we have moved away from the main objective i.e - social equity. The focus on the aam aadmi is extremely important in our country as he is usually the neglected one. Even after 20 years of banking sector privatisation, today only 35% of the Indian population has chunk bank accounts compared to an middling of 41% in develop economies. In a country where nearly 70% of the population lives in villages, the numb... ... to be tempered because the financial system can grow only as fast as the rest of our economy. With the present Indias income levels, it is neither doing much worse nor much better than its peers as furthermost as key parameters of financial inclusion are taken into consideration. A cross-country survey done by the World Bank shows that 7% of Indians describe taking a loan from a financial institution in the past year and 11% reported saving at a formal financial institution. These figures were found to be similar to the average of lower middle-income range countries. The percentage of persons taking formal financial loans is roughly the same across the developing countries.The journey could be long and arduous but we have embarked in the right direction. The road will finally lead to a place where Bharat impart merge and there will be one entity, one nation, one INDIA.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Educationmissing works cited The Education process is one that gradually proceeds throughout life, greatly in early years and really never stops. There entrust always be something someone has non learned. experience is a powerful tool. One of the most well-known pedagogues in the 20th Century, Christa McAuliffe, before her tragic death said, I tracing the future, I teach. As an educator you seek to influence each of your students. A goal, common to many new and old teachers as well as, those who hope to be desire the ability to touch someones future. In the opportunity one has as an educator it is likely that the future of one immediate student or even a small part of the success of our nation will be affected. If it had non been for the hard work and dedication of previous teachers our nation and even world would not be at the level it is today. If no one had ever learned the fundamental concepts of mathematics and science we would not have vehi cles, airplanes, televisions, compact discs, computers, and the list continues. In other words, our world would virtually not exist as we know it. One example, from a long list of other notable achievements possible only when thought the education process is a man by the name of Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft. If there had not been teachers to help him understand the basics of math, science, face and other usual subjects, he would not have made it to the collegiate level, thus banishing any ideas that Microsoft has contributed to our technological advancement in the computer industry. In fact, we would not have the computer operation system like the one utilized in homes and offices at present. So, in proclaiming that a teacher touches the futu... ...working toward a Masters score either in education or educational administration. It will likely be educational administration however, I will decide after I become involved in an actual classroom environment I have also c onsidered a Doctorate in one of these two handle though, at this time it is too early to commit myself. As an educator I will probably join a local, state, and national teacher governing such as National Education Association. This for support of various aspects of my professional career, including salary, better working environment, and legal issues. Overall, I feel my desire to be an educator, my assorted philosophy, and the plans I have for my professional development will all contribute to my effectiveness as a teacher. I also feel that my philosophy will likely become more enriched as I gain experience in the field.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Educationmissing works cited The Education process is sensation and only(a) that gradually proceeds throughout life, greatly in early years and really never stops. There provide always be something someone has not learned. Knowledge is a powerful tool. One of the most well-known educators in the 20th Century, Christa McAuliffe, before her tragic death said, I touch the future, I teach. As an educator you seek to influence each of your students. A goal, habitual to small-army new and old teachers as well as, those who hope to be desire the ability to touch someones future. In the opportunity one has as an educator it is worryly that the future of one immediate student or even a small part of the success of our nation will be affected. If it had not been for the hard work and dedication of previous teachers our nation and even world would not be at the level it is today. If no one had ever learned the fundamental concepts of mathematics and scien ce we would not afford vehicles, airplanes, televisions, compact discs, computers, and the list continues. In other words, our world would virtually not know as we know it. One example, from a long list of other notable achievements possible only thought the education process is a man by the name of Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft. If there had not been teachers to help him understand the basics of math, science, English and other usual subjects, he would not have made it to the collegiate level, thus banishing any ideas that Microsoft has contributed to our technological advancement in the computer industry. In fact, we would not have the computer operation system like the one utilized in homes and offices at present. So, in proclaiming that a teacher touches the futu... ...working toward a Masters degree either in education or educational administration. It will likely be educational administration however, I will decide after I become involved in an actual schoolroom e nvironment I have also considered a Doctorate in one of these two fields though, at this time it is too early to deplume myself. As an educator I will probably join a local, state, and national teacher organization such as National Education Association. This for fight back of various aspects of my professional career, including salary, better working environment, and legal issues. Overall, I feel my desire to be an educator, my diverse philosophy, and the plans I have for my professional development will all contribute to my effectiveness as a teacher. I also feel that my philosophy will likely become more enriched as I gain experience in the field.

1831: Year of Eclipse Essay

On February 12, 1831, a full eclipse of the sun darkened the Statess skies. Newspapers nationwide heralded its arrival, and commentators congratulated themselves that the idle fears and gloomy forebodingsthe past superstitions attached to such eventshad been replaced by pleasing admiration of the wonders of nature and societys progress in scientific understanding. However, says Masur (Rites of Execution), prof of history at the City University of New York, what unfolded in 1831 belies this chauvinistic claim of Americas advancement. Rather, he builds a case that Americas future faced inevitable upheaval directly linked to the failure of the founders to resolve two fundamental conflicts the contradiction amid a rural area founded on the inalienable rights of man embracing the cruelty and inhumanity of slavery, and the tension between a federal government intent on preserving the Union and the states claims of uncontestable sovereignty.Masur draws upon an exceptionally rich array of voices, quoting generously from figures as divergent as slave rebellion leader Nat food turner, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Andrew Jackson. Masur vividly chronicles the plight of the Cherokee, who despite their willingness to cooperate with the U.S. government, were coerce from their homeland and marched west on the infamous Trail of Tears. Tocqueville traveled to the U.S. in 1831, prompting him to write Democracy in America, and as Masur notes, Tocquevilles prescient observations light not only the intractable problems of slavery and race in America but also the extraordinary uniqueness and energy of Americas citizens. Masurs accessible and intriguing work, which appeals to a wide and diverse audience interested in American history, raises the year 1831, not necessarily one that stands out in most Americans minds, above insignificance.Passing in and out of Favor Although single-year studies fell out of favor amid the social-history boom of the 197 0s and 1980s, they have a place in history circles. Among Mr. Masurs favorite histories, and a work that influenced his receive, is The Year of Decision 1846, a study published in 1943 by the historian Bernard DeVoto, who went on to make the Pulitzer and Bancroft Prizes in his field. A huge best seller in its time, the volume is now seldom read or studied even by victor historians.Now and then, other historians have made similar forays, usually concentrating on a year marked by war, bloodshed, or political upheaval, like Kenneth Milton Stampps America in 1857 A Nation on the Brink. Lately, though, such experiments seem to be flourishingand the more obscure the year, the better. Hence titles like American Nervousness, 1903 An anecdotal History, by Tom Lutz, a study of the physical and psychological illnesses that plagued elite Americans at the turn of the century. Or 1910 The Emancipation of Dissonance, by Thomas Harrison, a come out at how and why harmony came to be replaced by dissonance in painting, music, and other art forms.Weve shifted away from causal and exemplary history, back toward epochal history, which constructs microcosms and tells you what the on the whole universe is like from the standpoint of one year, or in some cases, one grand age, says Douglas Mitchell, the veteran humanities editor at the University of Chicago Press. begin of the reason is historians renewed interest in narratives as a way to create synthesis. A single year is a manageable way to compact the scope, deal in specifics, unless still work with a beginning, middle, and end. An annualized history is a way to bridge the gap between conventional narratives, which tend to be driven by political events, and newer histories, which have no clear linear narrative, says Alan Brinkley, a professor of history at Columbia University. Focusing on a year allows one to combine a narrative of sorts with explorations of many areas of life as developed by newer histories.Mr. Masurs boo k, as well as deception E. Wills Jr.s upcoming 1688 A Global History, are colorfully written and rely on dramatic scene-setting. (1688 even does without footnotes.) Though bound by time, they persist widely across place, focusing on what happens when people travel and make contact, and how similar ideas can echo in very different settings.Historians have outlying(prenominal)sighted called for some kind of creative synthesis, but the problem has been how to incorporate the voices of elites and workers, men and women, Indians and slaves, celebrators and detractors, and weave them together in a coherent story, says Mr. Masur.Instead of talking yet again about whether to use narrative techniques in writing history, scholars will show how its done at a reading slam at this months American Historical Association conference. There Mr. Masur will read from his new book.Digging Deep into a Single Year If goose egg else, digging deep into a single year can lead to nifty juxtapositions. T he portentous eclipse that gives Mr. Masur his title turned up in Nat Turners confession, New England sermons, and newspaper editorials opposed to the reelection of President Andrew Jackson. In 1688, as the face seaman William Dampier was sending vivid descriptions home about the miserablest people in the adult maleAustralian aboriginestwo Jesuit missionaries joined a thousand Chinese cavalrymen on a sophisticated expedition to survey northern China.For a world historian, looking at a year like 1688 is a way to avoid Eurocentrism while still capturing the flow of people and commodities, contends Mr. Wills, a professor of history at the University of Southern California. The making of the modern world is the result of worldwide processes in which the Europeans are not the only active originators, he says.Of course, Mr. Wills admits in his introduction that many of the people he describes wouldnt have kn let the year as 1688 at all, given their varied calendars. Even so, signs of th e basic shifts that created our own very different world are there The rise of science the growth of cities and commerce government policies to promote economic growth an immense miscellany of writing and publishing, some of it for broad urban audiences some very individual and idiosyncratic acceptances and reinterpretations of the great religions protests against slavery and the subordination of women.This is all part of one world in a strong, simultaneous sense, the professor says.Text and Context English professors, too, have been bitten by the one-year bug.While historians try to write with more literary flair, literature scholars have returned to history, doing archival research to put novels and poems in political and cultural context. Yet many scholars believe that move has gone too far literature simply gets reduced to historical evidence, and the particular qualities of certain literary genres get lost in the shuffle.Studying a single year helps to clasp both text and con text in focus, says Michael North, a professor of English at the University of California at Los Angeles. Its a way of compromising between the demands of history and the demands of structure, says Mr. North, the author of Reading 1922 A Return to the Scene of the Modern.There is an element of trying to define a zeitgeist, adds Marshall Brown, a professor of English and comparative literature at the University of Washington, and the editor of Modern Language Quarterly. Methodologically its a kind of gamble, a provocation to do interdisciplinary work.ofttimes such writing projects begin as classroom experiments. James Chandler, a professor of English language and literature at the University of Chicago, found that his graduate courses in Romantic poetry tended to be clustered around works published in two years, 1789 and 1819. Yet 1819 stood out for the remarkable poetry produced in a single year. Over time, Mr. Chandler decided to concentrate on that year, teaching the leading poets alongside historical novels and political texts important in their day. The result is England in 1819 The political relation of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism, an ambitious volume that Mr. Brown calls the most-cited recent book in the field.1819 is well known to Romanticists as the year that Shelley and Keats wrote untold of their greatest poetry. But thats not all. Byron began his most important poem, Don Juan, Coleridge delivered a series of philosophical lectures, and Hazlitt published two volumes of essays.Why so much good stuff? According to Mr. Chandler, writers for the first time were self-consciously speaking to and about their historical moment. 1819 was an extremely volatile year, marked by the Peterloo Massacre that to the highest degree toppled the English government, leading to restrictions in freedom of the press and the right to assemble. People training for other work began to put words to paper.People of extraordinary talents were drawn t o the literary field because so much could happen there, says Mr. Chandler, whose book takes its title from a pro-radical Shelley sonnet of the same name. The idea that you could sum up the enliven of the age in a single year, instead of, say, by citing the reign of a king or queen, was new to England. You didnt have year-end reviews in the 14th century. You didnt really have them in the early 18th century, the professor explains.By building the Romantic canon around poets, scholars have tended to trim back the historical novels that were popular at the time. Mr. Chandler gives them their due, featuring a chapter on Walter Scotts Ivanhoe and The Bride of Lammermoor. You do cultural history in this period and you realize that the entire country was obsess with Scott, says Mr. Chandler.For modernism, 1922 was the year to remember. James Joyce published Ulysses that year, and T. S. Eliot The Waste Land. The world of literature was never the same. The world broke in two in 1922 or th ereabouts, wrote Willa Cather, who found her own brand of realism falling out of favor in the wake of the self-consciousness of high modernism.Works CitedMasur, Louis P., 1831 Year of Eclipse. Hill & Wang, 2001

Go Ask Alice Analysis Paper Essay

In the book Go Ask Alice (1971) By an Anonymous author, a teen whiler attempt with drugs tragically succumbs to her problems. There has been a lot of Controversy revolving around whether the author is real or if this book was just written to draw attention to drugs. regardless of whether the supposed author actually existed, the fact that remains is that identity issues and drug addiction are very real problems for millions of teenagers.In the beginning of the book a teenage girl talks well-nigh herself and how she wants to change her image. She describes very adamantly that she is unhappy with her body and her own personality. I want to be someone important, perhaps the new me will be different (page 4). Many Teenagers have an identity crisis, some more drastically than others. The task of being confident isnt an cushy one teens seem to always want to be someone better. But by focusing only on the thought of becoming advanced instead improving what is already good, it causes a stalemate.The mind wants to improve but all it does is think about ameliorating, the actual action that must be taken neer happens. This is what the girl in the book goes through, she is always thinking about becoming better, but as she finally starts to improve and stop just thinking about it, she accumulates a mindset of becoming better. Now this girl has a constants need to be progressive, giving her no true identity except the thought of abstracted a better one.Later in the book the young girl runs away from her home and makes a new life for herself in California. She acquires a caper at a department store and after a few days of working the owner of the store invites her to a party at her loft. spell at the party the girl is exposed to drugs, she had been trying to stay away from the demon pills, but it didnt work. One of the men passed me a joint and that was it. I wanted to be ripped, smashed, torn up as I had never wanted anything before. This was the scene, and I wanted to be part of it (page 76).This girl was exposed to drugs without her intimacy but after being exposed she needed the high. She sought out the pills. After finally getting clean she is exposed again, while she could have jilted the joint she isnt confident enough in herself to do so in front of others. Her uncertainty allows her judgment to be influenced, which makes her addiction grow vigorously.Teenagers of this age see drugs as a way to escape from their problems. Which is half the predicament with this generation, we are all about avoiding issues rather then facing them head on.

Favorite Painting by Picasso

Have you ever gone to the museum and glanced at word pictures but had to do a double take because a painting grabbed your attention so strongly? This is what happened to me when I saw the painting by Pablo Picasso entitled Mother and Child 1901. This painting was done during what was called the Blue boundary. Picasso Blue Period was in 1900 and ended in 1904. (unknown, Pablo Picasso Blue Period 1901-1904, 2009) All of his paintings during this period were created in shades of distressing and blue-green with other colors occasionally. Picasso had many paintings that had the like title UT in different time periods.Paintings by Picasso brought out warm and loving feelings in my heart. This one particular had me to think of the Joys of being a pay back. I chose this painting by Picasso because it is warm and loving. You can see and feel how a good deal the mother and child lambd and cared for each other by their embrace. The mother clothed in a dark blue wrap that covers her head and continues around her body has her right hand softly touching the back of her childs head. She is exquisitely bending down towards the child as she kisses him/her on the ordered. It is hard to tell if the child is a boy or girl.The child is in a strike blue gown with matching slippers. His/her head is tilted upward to welcome the kiss from his/ her mother. It appears that the child has brought the mother a piece of fruit. Based on the colors of orange and pale yellow, it could possibly be an orange, mango or peach. The mother has a basket next to the black rocking chair she is sitting in. There is a white cloth in the basket along with some thread and scissors. It looks like the child brought the fruit while the mother was sewing. The child may set out wanted his/ her mother to take a break and eat something.When I first saw this painting, I thought of bloody shame and Jesus. It evoked feelings in me of warmth, get it on and pure Joy. As I look at the way the mother expresse s the passionateness for her child, I can put myself in her place and feel how much she loves her child. I can feel my hand embracing the soft hair on the childs head and the soft kiss being placed on his/her forehead. To me the blue color of her wrap evokes the feeling of comfort. I can also feel the childs heart being warmed from the kiss he/she receives room the mother. The mother has her eyeball closed as she kisses the child on his/her forehead.I can see that the kiss is a result of the fruit that the child has brought to her. In this painting it appears that the child is in his/her night clothing and is preparing for bed as the mother is busy sewing a piece of clothing in the basket. I can feel that this special(a) moment between mother and child is a soft and loving moment. Pablo Picasso has many paintings that have the women seem to have a religious resemblance to Mary and the child possibly to Jesus. I can see that Picasso held elision as an important part of most of his paintings.I felt that Picasso viewed this painting as one of love from a mother to a child and vice versa. He painted the love of them as beautiful and distinctively warmly. I love how the child shows that he/she loves the attention his/her mother is giving and love they express between them. If I was a mother and alive in Picasso time, I would have asked him to paint a portrait of me and my children. Perhaps I will come across a painting from this century that resembles Picasso and it will make me feel warm and full of love as well.

Day Care

Day Care Beneficial Is day billing beneficial for minorren under the doddery age of louvre? Should one parent stay family unit with children for the first few long time of life? Develop a thesis statement ab stunned some(a) aspect of the day-care-versus-home issue and support it in your argumentative essay. Nationally, the employment rate of get downs with children under the age of five has increased finishedout the world. If both a mother and a father are employed, who will care for their young children? Normally, some families have chosen In-Home care which lets family members, friends, or neighbors looks after their children.However, child care shopping centre that more equivalent day cares, pre give instructions these facilities are usually bigger in space and may be more structured than In-Homes care. Before making a decision, parents should gather enough information to make the right choice for their childrens provider. After all, child care marrows domiciliate help a childs development, prepare a child for school, and create positive adult life patterns. A child care center is a beneficial tool for childs development because they learn social skills and gain an appreciation for education at an early age.Researches have shown that childrens brains grow faster during the first five age of their life. In addition, there are two parts for the first five years of children development cryptograph to three, and three to five. First part is zero to three year old which the children are learning about themselves, the world around them and about the parents or the care givers. For example, at the condemnation of around 1 year, the babies will begin to learn language and communication by they express their necessitys and feelings through sounds and cries, body movements, and facial expressions.The caregivers at daycare will arrest and listen to see how the babies communicates what the babies is thinking and felling. The caregivers also repeat the so unds and words the babies use and have back-and-forth conversations. As the day care will best suit the parents need because the day cares have some ideas support the children learn through from childrens everyday activities. Second part is from three to five year old that is the time for children ready for pre-school. The children are beginning to develop self-control and self-confidence so they are taught the ability to manage their feeling.Also they are taught manners, such as to wait, to share, and to work out problems with their friends. At school time, the children begin their day by forming a circle talking to each other and their teacher about something news, singing an old melodic phrase or teacher teach a new song, going to play station where they can choose activities, learning letter and math or a tosh. The teachers always beside the children as long as they play or study so the teacher can remind to take turn to play toy when they both upset each other or comment on the children when they answer a question as well.In short, a day care center provides more than just babysitting services because they assist in the childs development as well. In the same way, a day care center helps children prepare for school in the future. Getting children ready for school is not whole packing their lunches, strikeing their backpacks, or dropping of at school but also helping childrens school keenness. School readiness means making sure that all children enter school physically, and emotionally well-informed and ready to succeed. It also means providers are prepared to help children succeed as they enter kindergarten.Day care and preschool programs creating a smooth transition between home and school focusing on helping children learn through a student-centered environment ensuring children build a solid foundation in phonics, reading, writing and math. By the time preschool started my daughter was not ready to study but I encouraged her that everything woul d be fine and she would have friends to play with at school. And I gave her a white lie that I left her in school a few hours and after I went to market I would pick her up.After the first week, she write out to go to school even on Saturday and Sunday she still has asked me why her school closed. She also has responsibility of her home-works which were done before went to bed. Now she was not only comfortable and waiting to go to kindergarten but also excited to meet old and new friends. From my experience, day care services contribute to childrens readiness to success in school. Ive heard people say one parent should stay at home with their child or choose a relative to look after of the children because one can take good are more than child care center. It is true for the first two years, because this hitch is important to love, to nurture, and play of mother role. Nevertheless(prenominal), in long-term isnt possible because parent or relative doesnt have enough as intimacy as teacher in school. Frequently, parent or relative think that taking care of children mean only feeding them, taking a bath, garments them. One day of my mother-in-law home schedule is giving children a bowl of milk with cereal on the early morning then putting children go out TV or playing by themselves while she cook meal.On lunch time, she feeds children and lets them playing and eating at the same time even my niece is five years old but my niece can not eat by herself. After lunch time, usually more than two hours, the children take a little catnap but kipping brush their teeth. When the children wake up, they continue to watch TV until their parents pick them up. I had argument with my mother-in-law about her ways and I decided to stay at home for first two years to take care of my daughter. When my daughter was two years old, I gave her to school.Now, my daughter who will be five years old on Feb, 2011 can read books and do math for the kindergarten grade. She always sings a song and pretends a show that she thinks by herself as ballet show, story time, and magic show. As a result, what children learn when they are young goes a long way, so day care center can be fill a gap that in-home care obstacle. Also the children who were enrolled in a quality day care and preschool tend to progress faster in kindergarten and less belike to repeat grades, or need special class.Moreover, preschool is still the best choice for parents to help children develop positive adult life patterns. Researchers show that families and communities benefit when the children introduce in quality preschool programs. Quality preschool helps children the best possible in both academically and socially such as socialize and interact appropriately with peers and teachers, institutionalise new skills independently, finish tasks, be persistent when learning something new. As they grow, children will more likely to graduate from high school and find good jobs, and less likely to be involved in crime.For instance, children have field trip to visit the zoos, museums, fire and police station so that they can understand the love of animals, the jobs of fire fighter and police officer. Additionally, the parents and teachers can identify any early learning disabilities or other special needs a child business leader have in order to minimize any long term effects. In contrast with my daughter, my nephew stayed at home with his grandmother until four years old and he couldnt speak fluently.When he went to preschool nobody can understand what he said, immediately, his teacher talked to his parent and they decided to give him into special class where he can learn how to speak with the other people. Now, he gets a good grade at elementary school. Thus, the children will be succeeding later in life if they are in good environment such as happy family and quality school. To sum up, we can say child care centers can help a childs development, prepare a child for school, an d create positive adult life patterns that train the children to be good citizen.So selecting a child care provider is one of the most important decisions people have to make during the early years of their children. Always remember, young children learn through play, and school should be fun. A daily school schedule should include time for teacher instruction, hands-on learning activities, educational projects where children work independently and unitedly in groups as well as time for recreational fun. Vietnamese quotation Day con tu thuo con tho means we had to teach the children from they were born. The children like the white paper, what we write, it will stay forever.

Narrative Poetry Essay

Narrative Poems are poems that tell stories. There is a beginning, which introduces the background to the story, a middle, which tells the action of the event, and an end, which concludes and summarizes the story. What are the origins of Narrative Poetry?Narratives are the oldest wee of poetry. Long before there was paper to write on or ink to write with, long before the invention of the printing press, people much shared stories as a form of entertainment. These stories were also often used to relate historical events. In the same way that we spread news through newspapers today, oral stories were used to spread news of historical events long ago.In order to help recall details of the events, people began to use rhyme and troll to give their stories a musical quality that would allow the story to be remembered and recalled much more easily. Think about how much easier it is to remember the words to a song than it is to recall all of the words of a pitiable story. That is exactl y how level poems were originally created. In what ways are narrative poems similar to short stories?Narrative poems have many similarities to short stories. For example, short stories have characters, a setting, a conflict, and a clear beginning, middle and end. Narrative poems have all of these elements as well. Sometimes there may only be one character, or there may be many characters. At times, the setting may be implied rather than obvious, and the conflict may be an internal conflict rather than external. How can we analyze narrative poems?In order to analyze a narrative poem, first read through it with the following questions in mind Who are the characters in the poem?What are the characters doing, or what is happening?Why are these events happening?How are the characters affected by the action or events?What can be learned from the poem?Where can we find narrative poetry in our periodical lives?Although narrative poetry is one of the oldest forms of literature, this does not mean it is no longer prevalent in todays world. In fact, any time you reach on a radio, you can turn around narrative poetry on nearly any radio station. The best place to see or hear narrative poetry today would be in songs. Songs are simply poems set to music, and the songs that tell stories are narrative poems set to music.

The use of facebook

Bernard Williams Dr. cutull Method and Theory In Psychology October 8, 2013 Romantic green-eyed monster and Facebook usage The use ot Facebook, a popular amicable network, can have a significant influence in the development of amative jealousy.Facebook jealousy can occur when someone feels threatened after vlewlng their supply Interacting online with a superior potential mate, which could possibly lead to a daily control of their partners activity on Facebook, A person with enxlous-dttachment could be described ds having low self- esteem and a tear ot abandonment, resulting in the continuous need tor reassurance bout the status of their quixotic kind and possible signs of Infidelity. Individuals who have an anxious-style of adhesiveness and oft prison terms view their partners Facebook activity are to a greater extent prone to experience feelings of amatory jealousy.Prior research has shown that anxious fond regard is positively related, and avoidant attachment negatively related, to Facebook jealousy and surveillance (Marshall, Bejanyan, DICastro, Lee, 2012, Those with an anxious-style of attachment do non feel that they deserve a loving consanguinity and are scared of being alone. The researchers designed an online survey to test the prevalence of Facebook Jealousy. The study included 255 participants, 201 women and 54 men. Two tests were conducted that measured attachment style, self-esteem. perceived relationship quality, Jealousy, and their usage ot Facebook.The participants answers were formatted in the form of a Likert crustal plate. The study discovered that attachment anxiety and avoidance were strongly correlated to Facebook Jealousy and surveillance because individuals with attachment anxiety had a lack of trust in their partner (Marshall et al. , 2012, p, 17), Overall. those who were less convenient with their elationship and had a lack ot trust tor their partners were most likely to show Facebook jealousy. Another study aimed to f igure out whether an Increased usage of Facebook had an effect on romantic jealousy.The researcher hypothesized that the amount of time spent on Facebook would significantly add to the amount of Facebook Jealousy, In addition to other variables that were described in the jealousy literary works (Muise, Christofides, & Desmairais, 2009). To evaluate their thesis. Muise. Christofldes. and Desmarals created a questionnaire with 27 Items measured on a 7- polnt Likert subdue. The topics included jealousy, perceived amount of trust within their relationship, self- esteem, uncertainty, and level of commitment (Mulse et al. , 2009).The subjects included 308 undergrad students (231 temale, 77 male) between the ages ot 17 and 24. It was concluded that regular Facebook usage had a strong Influence on romantic Jealousy. The researchers explained that these findings could be the result of a partner having access to new information about their partners social circle therefore the partner conti nues to look at their significant others Facebook page to ocial circle were often innocent, precisely frequent viewing of their activity cause the other partner to become more suspicious of their intentions.The next study focused on determining whether Facebook Jealousy had a negative effect on relationship satisfaction and if trait Jealousy is positively related to social network sites (SNS) Jealousy. Continuous surveillance of behaviors is and indicant of a possessive relationship, which is a typical effect of an individual with an anxious style of attachment. The researchers built an online survey consisting of questions esigned to measure monitoring behavior, Facebook Jealousy, and self-esteem.A few items of the Facebook Jealousy home measured actions such as the number of times they check their partners Facebook page or whether they add their partners friends to watch their online activity (Utz & Beuekeboom, 2011). The participants were students enrolled in a course at a lar ge Dutch University. The study found that individuals with lower self-esteem experienced higher rate of Facebook Jealousy than individuals with higher self-esteem, although there was not a significant difference in relationship satisfaction. According to I-J? et al. 201 1), individuals who were prone to trait Jealousy, monitoring behavior, had a low self-esteem, and a need for popularity, were more likely to display Facebook Jealousy. A lack of self-esteem could possibly cause a person to believe that every potential attractive mate is a threat to their relationship and happiness. Because of their own insecurities, they may feel the need to compete with those they view as competition for their mate. The following study was conducted to test the outcome of Facebook intrusion on romantic relationships.Facebook intrusion can be described as an obsessive ttachment to Facebook that causes a lack of functioning in daily lives and in romantic relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011). The researchers aimed to further be research by evaluating whether Facebook intrusion is linked to romantic jealousy and dissatisfaction in relationships. The participants consisted of 342 (110 men and 232 women) freshman, undergraduate psychology majors at an Australian university. They were recruited based on the universitys source-year student pool.The students received partial course credit for participating in the study. Approximately 90 to 95 percent of the articipants were Facebook users, between the ages of 18 and 25. 86. 9 percent of participants were currently dating, with the average length of 16. 44 months. The study was in the format of a quantitative self-report, consisting of several questionnaires. All of the participants took a 7-point Facebook Intrusion scale with answers ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, which measured amount of Facebook usage, level of romantic Jealousy, and relationship satisfaction.To measure the level of romantic Jealousy, a five -item Short-form Multidimensional Jealousy Scale was administered. A five-item questionnaire was also given to measure the level of romantic satisfaction in the participants current relationship (Elphinston & Noller, 2011). It was found that the more an individual spent time on Facebook, they more likely they were to feel threatened by a potential mate of their partner. Also, Facebook intrusion was positively correlated with romantic Jealousy, relationship dissatisfaction, and cognitive Jealousy.A strength of the study was that multiple questionnaires were given to the participants. Findings would not be as informative if large, which welcomes many perspectives. No evidence of validity or reliability was reported. or so of the limitations included a restricted participant pool because it only included first-year psychology students at an Australian University. For future studies, participants that do not realize a college or university and individuals of a more broad age range sho uld be included.A longitudinal study of the effects of Facebook intrusion would be beneficial for acquiring new information about the long term effects of Facebook on romantic relationships. The final research study aimed to explore romantic Jealousy from the attachment theory perspective. Cognitive ealousy can be described as feelings of discomfort when a partner feels a third party is a threat to their romantic relationship. According to the attachment theory, an individuals relationship with their parent or caregiver shapes the individuals mental needs in their adult life (Knobloch, Solomon, & Cruz, 2001, p. 6).The researchers hypothesized that attachment styles that were developed during puerility, play a key role in influencing romantic Jealousy. An empirical, cross-sectional design was formulated to test their assumptions. The sample included students enrolled in a communication class at a large Mid-western University. The students received extra course credit for participatin g in the study. Overall, 132 students (43 men and 89 women), between the ages of 18 and 30, finished all portions of the experiment. The participants relationship lengths ranged from 1 to 65 months, with the average relationship length being of 12 months. 31 out of the 132 relationships were heterosexual (Knoblauch et al. , 2001). Several self-report questionnaires were given to the participants, and were unblemished in groups ranging from 5 to 25 people. The first questionnaire measured attachment styles, perceived Jealousy, and the level of ntimacy in their current romantic relationships. Next, the researchers distributed Pfeiffer and Wongs (1989) Multidimensional Jealousy Scale to measure cognitive jealousy. The answers were formatted in a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from never (1) to all the time (7).The Knobloch and Solomons (1999) relational uncertainty scale was given to measure the level of uncertainty in the relationship, with answers formatted on a 6-point scale. Lastly , the participants completed the Rubins (1970) Love Scale to measure the level of intimacy in their relationship, in addition to affiliate need, illingness to help, and exclusiveness toward their partner (Knobloch et al. , 2001). The study found that women and men did not significantly differ in their level of romantic Jealousy. It was also found that attachment anxiety was positively correlated with the relational uncertainty measures.Findings also indicated that a negative correlation between cognitive Jealousy and intimacy was present (Knobloch et al. , 2001, p. 10). Because the results found a significant positive association between cognitive Jealousy, ablaze Jealousy, and anxiety over relationships, their ypothesis was proven to be correct (Knobloch et al. , 2001, p. 12). During childhood, an anxious style of attachment is formed when a childs caregiver is often inconsistent or besides protective, resulting in the child becoming more prone to insecurity and fearfulness.Conse quently, adults with an anxious-style of attachment are frequently worried about the status of their relationship. These individuals usually crave the prudence of their partner, which could leady to clingy and controlling behavior. They often become Jealous or overact at the possibility of a coincides with Guerrero and Andersens 1998 study. Reliability was reported because the researchers bivariate results produced the same results as the first experiment. The strengths of the study included a very detailed explanation as to why an anxious- style of attachment is associated with romantic Jealousy.Another strength of the study was that it expanded upon earlier studies on the notion that relationship uncertainty and intimacy are strongly linked to emotional and cognitive Jealousy. Some of the drawbacks of the study included the cross-sectional design. A longitudinal study would be more efficient in confirming their conclusions. Another limitation was the lack of male participants in the study. If the amount of men and women participants were more equal, the results would be more universal.The final limitation is that the study focused on the experience of Jealousy but not on the underlying factors that cause Jealousy. A better understanding about Jealousy could be achieved if information was given from the individuals about their upbringing. This study looks to expand the literature by evaluating how attachment styles that were developed during an individuals childhood can influence romantic Jealousy on Facebook. Little research has been conducted to determine how these attachment styles are developed and their effect on Jealousy.

Professional Nursing Synthesis Portfolio

In extension __ and ___ (Case studies and Rhabdomyisis), I ask been able to exhibit critical thinking. I accept been able to undertake analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of data poised from observation, bonk, reflection, or communication as a guide to belief or action. I consume overly been able to hold substantial clinical reasoning which entails a capacity to remember facts, organize them in a meaningful whole, and then apply the information in a clinical patient trouble situation. As a nurse, I earth-closet make use of reasoning to help in formulating principles or guidelines as a basis for my treat practice sound judgement decisions.II. Decision Making SkillsIn Appendix ___ (Ethical Dilemma), I have significantly enhanced my decision do skills. As a novice, I acquire clinical judgment and skill over time. Knowledge is refined through actual clinical experience this moves me from a rule-based, context-free stage to a more analytical, logical and intentional pattern of thinking. To effectively provide a conducive learning environment, I have been exposed to venues for examining and developing my problem solving and reasoning skills towards making clinical judgments. These venues transpire through numerous learning experiences, one of which ar ethical dilemmas.III. Nursing business organization and Management of ClientsIn Appendices __ and ___ (Case studies and Mariners carry project), I have effectively enhanced my skills in breast feeding safekeeping and management of clients. These experiences can help me in developing the learner from the novice phase to being an mature beginner in nursing. Experiences such as this enable the formation of meaningful related information on the basis of what I have learned in the classroom. There is an expectation that with more experience, I can move from the level of advanced beginner to the level of competence by program completion.Clinical judgment is defined as nursing decisions about which areas to assess, analyzing health data, prioritizing which task to do, and who should carry it out. For clinical judgment to be assessed as sound, it should be arrived at using critical thinking and logical reasoning, that will enable the demonstration of valid conclusions, and the decisions that may be borne from these.IV. Effective Communication, Collaboration and NegotiationIn Appendix ___ (Visiting hours in the ICU), I have been able to appreciate the importance of working with multidisciplinary professionals. I realized that synergy and collaboration are important for the ultimate welfare of the patient. This set-up likewise allows for his holistic healing.V. Professional values and behaviorsIn Appendix __ (Nursing Philosophy), I was able to hone my professional values and behaviors. I believe that while technical competence is a core requisite to becoming a successful nurse practitioner, being values and ethics goaded are equally important. In the absence of policies or concrete gui ding principles, values are the lonesome(prenominal) guideposts on which decisions may be hinged or anchored against. I am thankful that I was taught ethics and have also had the opportunity to make ethical decisions on the basis of such knowledge. I realized that deciding with a clean conscience makes for competent and sound nursing practice, which substantially determines nursing effectiveness.VI. Teaching and educationMy experience in being a nurse pedagogue has further been honed through Appendix __ (Mariners Harbor Outreach) where I was able to instruct indigents and minority patients about palliative care. I felt that this has brought me a shade closer to my aspiration of being a nurse educator. As a future nurse educator / coach, I would like to conduct question projects, participate in professional associations and interact with other nursing academics and practitioners. I would also continue to practice my profession in the clinical setting. This is an effective tool in ensuring that I continue to be clinically competent as I train future nurses.VII. enquiry by means of integrated literature reviews and critiques (Appendix __ and ___), I have been able to hone my research skills. I have learned how to critically analyze both quantitative and qualitative data to be able to hook meaningful conclusions from them. These exercises on critical thinking and analysis have forged the theoretical foundation of my nursing practice, which is applied and honed in the clinical setting. These have taught me how to read and understand statistics, as well as data drawn from qualitative methods. Critiques have also allowed me to point out the limitations of research studies and ascertain the validity of research results.VIII. LeadershipThrough Appendix __ (Nursing Philosophy paper), I have been able to strengthen my resolve in being a transformational attraction-nurse. I have learned that being a charismatic or transformational leader entails articulate a realist ic vision of the future that can be shared, stimulate subordinates intellectually, and pay attention to the differences among the subordinates. By defining the need for change, creating new visions, and mobilizing commitment to these visions, leaders can ultimately transform organizations. In effect, the ultimate goal was to make a real dent in the lives of people that I fall in contact with by helping them authentically.IX. ManagementIn Appendices ___ and ___ (Nursing change paper/ Visiting hours paper), I have come to appreciate the importance of working within a multidisciplinary setting. Such appreciation has also helped me appreciate diversity and synergy in working with other professionals.X. Lifelong learning and professional locomote developmentIn Appendices __ and ___ (Alziheimers project/ Does advanced practice nursing paper), I have broadened my career horizons. Through these, I have manifested how I have progressed in the practice and have also been able to exposed ne w doors for learning and for sharing these wins with my colleagues.

McGerr

Progressive reformers attempted to reshape American society in the new-made Nineteenth into the Twentieth Centuries. Three distinct beas, the Temperance cause, the Food and Drug Laws and the Child Labor Laws atomic number 18 contrasting but characteristic examples of the struggles, successes and failures that Progressives faced during this period. As with all complex movements consisting of disparate groups with at quantify contrasting points of view, it is difficult to generalize regarding this attempt at reconstruction. But the Progressives, for better or worse, did capture a profound effect upon American society that is still being felt today.McGerr mainly considers the actions of the middle social class as no other group advocated the full range of reformist positions as much as the middle class did (McGerr, 2005). This was n unity more than the case than within the Temperance movement. The temperance movement had quite a simple aim in mind. It sought to greatly reduce the amount of alcoholic beverage consumed, or, as was increasingly its aim, to ban alcohol entirely. The Movement started, at least during this period, with the Womens Christian Temperance Union, which accomplished the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in some schools and colleges throughout the country.There was a strictly rational and calculating method behind this attempt to convince young people of the evils of alcohol. Mary function (the National Superintendent) stated that people must first be convinced that alcohol and kindred narcotics are by nature outlaws, before they will outlaw them. The temperance movement was linked to the overall progressive movement through the fact that some(prenominal) drunken husbands beat their wives and families. Domestic violence was an example of the call out of womens rights, and so it was sensible for the progressive movement to support the temperance movement, even if some of the more religious and purely moralistic rea soning behind some temperance advocates were alien to them.The temperance movement was, at least temporarily highly successful. It is linked closely to the eventual passage of the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution, which banned alcohol within America. The advocacy of temperance regarding alcohol had led to the prohibition of alcohol practiced as Hunt had forecast. The temperance movement is an excellent example of how idealism combined with a favourable degree of shrewd political pragmatism could bring about change.The fact that the 18th Amendment was short-lived and that alcohol consumption was merely drive underground rather than being stopped somewhat dampens any plead for long-lasting success for the movement however. Prohibition also led to the rise of organized crime in many cities, again not exactly on the Progressive agenda. Most of all, the United States consisted of people who generally did not want to ban alcohol consumption, however they had been temporarily pers uaded otherwise.In contrast to the temperance movement, one cause of the progressive movement, that of introducing stricter food and drug laws to the United States, has survived and even expanded into the modern day. As McGerr suggests, a single books such as Upton Sinclairs exposure of the disgusting, unsanitary practices at Chicago meat-packing plants led at least in part to the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the meat reassessment Act in 1906. These Acts were an example of how the progressive movement could call a purely capitalist clay to task and show that at least some degree of government intervention, oversight and even restrain was needed.A similar situation was seen within the babe labor laws, that were brought about after progressives exposed the loathly conditions that even very young children worked in. Exposing these conditions through written descriptions by excellent writers and, most powerfully, through sex act photographs of children at work, galva nized public support for changes in the law. Lewis Hines produced unforgettable pictures of children at work. They were unforgettable because they were so sad, and brought guilt to some all Americans who saw them.This element within the Progressive Movement unapologetically used emotion to achieve what McGerr states they were looking for, namely to change other people to end class conflict to control big trade. The Child Labor laws that were introduced were in part an attempt to alleviate the terrible conditions experienced by many children and also, in the long run, to give them a chance at gaining the education that would allow them to rise supra their low origins.Child Labor laws were thus part of the attempt bridge social gaps between the affluent and the poor through enabling the poor to rise and by punishing the rich for their more exploitatory practices. Essentially, they may be seen as part of the progressive agenda to make everyone middle class. Yet at a time again the re was a very practical element to the method that these groups used. The National Consumers League was organise in 1899 and the National Child Labor Committee in 1904, both stemming from the work of the Working Womens Societies.As with many progressive causes, movement towards actual change was at first slow and met with many failures before it finally succeeded. Federal regulations were declared unconstitutional in 1916, failed to become law in 1924 and ab initio in 1937. Finally, in 1938 the federal regulation of child labor was gained through the Fair Labor Standards Act. This come in a minimum age for employment and set maximum hours that children were to work within federal law. It took more than thirty years since the first societies were initially set up for the movement to succeed.However, child labor laws have been strengthened ever since this time and have now become an unchallenged part of the American landscape. In this sense the Progressive movement was ahead of its time, pushing American to live out its promises to its most conquerable citizens children. Once again, pragmatism mixed with idealism succeeded, and unlike the temperance movement, its results were permanent rather than temporary.To conclude, McGerr ends his book by saying that the basic lesson is that reformers should not try too much. Perhaps this can be adapt to say that reformers should pick their causes carefully and then try as much as possible. Having too wide of the mark a range of objectives may be self- frustrationing. But picking a cause, such as child labor, that most rational human beings would consider the progressives possess the correct ethical stance on, is a modal value of advancing the agenda successfully. At times, as is evidenced by the First World War and the defeat for the idea of government regulation that came from it, the progressive movement (as are all political movements) is influenced by matters beyond its control. The best laid plans may well come awry because of unforeseen or unpredictable circumstances. working CitedMcGerr, Michael. A Fierce Discontent The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920. Oxford University Press, London 2005.

Kearlsey Case Study Essay

Tony Kearsley applies for a position as a firefighter with the metropolis of St. Catharines and was accepted on condition that he were to pass a aesculapian trial run by a doctor specified by the metropolis. However, during the medical exam the doctor discovered that Kearsley had an atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and refused to pass him. Kearsley took it upon himself to consult a medical specialist who advised him that his condition would indeed non affect his ability to perform his job as a firefighter.Kearsley then filed a complaint against the city with the Ontario Human Rights Commission. At the Commissions Bored of Inquiry hearing, the doctor who had originally examined Kearsley testified that atrial fibrillation led to change magnitude assay for stroke meaning his heart could fail to pump sufficient blood to his organs during the extreme conditions that set break with firefighting. The Board of Inquiry called a medical expert in atrial fibrillation. The ex pert testified that the increased try for stroke in someone of Kearsleys age was inconsequential.The expert further testified that there was no increased risk for heart failure in someone like Kearsley because he was otherwise in effectual health. Meanwhile, after Kearsley got turned down by the St. Catharines fire department, Kearsley had become a firefighter in the City of Hamilton, achieving the rank of first-class firefighter in October 2001. 2. Why did the Board of Inquiry rule in Kearsleys favour? The Board of Inquiry ruled in Kearsleys favour because they came to the conclusion that Mr. Tony Kearsley had in accompaniment suffered discrimination.The Board noted that it would wear been the City of St. Catharines responsibility to seek an expert opinion when confronted with a medical condition such as that found in Kearsley. The Board also indicated that this was the procedure used in other municipalities. The City did not follow their responsibilities which led to Mr. Kears leys unfair treatment and discrimination found on handicap. For these reasons, this is why I think the Board of Inquiry most definitely ruled in Kearsleys favour. 3. Do you agree with the decision in this case?Why or why not? I strongly agree with the decision of the case. Tony Kearsley was without a doubt, discriminated based on disability which is illegal in Canada. I savour like the city of St. Catharines defiantly should have handled this matter in a more than ordered and professional way, as it seems that none of the facts in favour of the city of St. Catharines truly added up. I feel like the city jumped to conclusions too quickly not taking into account that Tony Kearsley was still fully heart-to-heart to fulfill all duties of a firefighter. They did not treat Mr.Kearsley as an equal after finding out he had a disability this is an act of discrimination and this is illegal. The city of St. Catharines owes at the least these things to Mr. Tony Kearsley in refurbishment f or their lack of knowledge towards him while doing their job. 4. In what ways in this case a question of military personnel rights? This case is a question of human rights because it is strongly discriminating against disability in the workplace. The Ontario Human Rights calculate provides in part 5(1) Every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to commerce without discrimination because of handicap.10(1) because of handicap means for the reason that person has or had, or is believed to have or have had a) any degree of physical disability that is caused by illness. 17(1) a right of a person chthonic this Act is not infringed for the reason only that the person is incapable of performing of fulfilling essential duties or requirements attendance the exercise of the right because of handicap. It is obvious at once that a person with very bad seeing is not discriminated against when refused a job as a truck driver nor a person with short-handed strength when refused a job as a police officer or firefighter.There is no doubt that St. Catharines considered that Mr. Kearsley had a physical disability, atrial fibrillation. The issue is whether St. Catharines was justified in concluding that because of this perceived disability Mr. Kearsley was incapable of performing or fulfilling essential duties as a firefighter. It was later found out that Mr. Kearsley could indeed perform all duties as a firefighter, as he got hired by the City of Hamilton later that year. Therefore, Mr. Kearsley was discriminated against based on disability and this is without a doubt, a question of human rights.

Environmental Scanning Essay

E genuinelyone in Pakistan well as many sitting thousands of miles off, the occupation community too is waiting to exhale. And so, all(prenominal) thats visible in the run up to the precise moment General Elections 2013 atomic piece 18 lots of breathlessly red faces. Generally, choice division produces diametrically opposing reactions within the earth and nonpublic eye sockets. While the officeholder seeks to woo fickle voters done hold ditch spending (think poverty alleviation, discip zephyr projects, and so forth), the private heavens often buries its head and its wallet in the sand until the storm of unpredictability has passed. Consequently, the bloodline outlook for 2013 lead remain depressingly unexciting until the late government settles down. The global recession isnt going away anytime soon and the IMF recently cut global ingathering forecasts for 2013 to 3.6%, down from its earlier estimate of 3.9%. Although the Pakistani authorities is doing its be st to convince anyone who allow for listen that it is going to man hop on four part process in the coming year, nobody is really convinced. The presidential term doesnt really baffle the coin to spend.reality revenues proposed revenue amnesty schemes nonwithstanding ar low the fiscal deficit is 8.2% and, to make ends meet, the Government is borrowing to a great extent from the banking empyrean. For decent result, the Government needs a tax-to-GDP ratio in the vicinity of 16% all it stub muster at inclose is 9.1%. While inflation has finally been brought into the single digit realm, few be deluded bounteous to imagine it will last. First, global commodity prices (particularly oil) be still heading upwards. Second, with just enough forex reserves left for lead months of imports and no bilateral or multilateral donor rushing to execute Pakistan from Islamabad, the rupee is poised to come under serious pressure. (In November alone, Pakistan had to repay a staggering $616 trillion to the IMF.) Third, the Government has the State imprecate printing Rs 1.5 billion a day. All inflationary enough on their own, the have effect of these three will make for a very painful and prolonged hangover.Further, savings are low and the cash flush banks are too busy throwing rupees at the Government to nigh(prenominal)er with the few stemmaes that would be willing to invest in Pakistan prior to elections. Simply put, banks would much rather bolster their wampum by lending to an insatiable that dependable Government than lend to the brilliant but precarious private sector. Significantly, term theCentral stick has now cut its policy rate by a cumulative 200 basis points since August, its critics are still unhappy with the decision. Their first bone of contention is that the temporarily low inflation numbers do not merit monetary easing and the State Bank is just making it cheaper for the Government to borrow to a greater extent rather than hauling it up for doing so. Further, they cite selective in signifieration on private sector credit off take that shows that the same actually declined after the thickheaded cut in August (150 basis points) while Government borrowing increased. Businesses, on the different hand, narrate that interest rates are still too gamy to consider investing. (Foreign investment, of course, requires a climate unprocurable in a frontline state in the war a lay downst terrorism.)While the specific merits of this allegation can be argued over, the job purlieu in the farming presents a series of uncontroverted and inescapable realities that dilute the impact of the high cost of borrowing. There are obviously those who cry roughly energy shortages, the unpredictability of supply and the worship that the dollar-rupee exchange rates will cross Rs 100 by June 2013. There are others who moan about the law and order situation and the fact that extortion levels jump up dramatically in the run-up to an elec tion as semi semipolitical parties gather funds for electioneering. But first and foremost is the fact that the entire country is in a state of political flux and the economy is teetering on the brink of a encompassing blown crisis. Typically, investment be it the setting up of outsize projects or just the import of radical machines for spinning has a significant gestation stopover.An investor, who cant predict whether his deals with the online Government will be honored by the next or what the duty structure will look worry by the time his machines come in, is generally wary and prefers to sit on the sidelines until he gets more clarity. pull away the example of the energy sector. The long, sizzling summer of 2012 and the frequency of power riots crosswise the country clearly showed that Pakistan has graduate from being energy insecure to an energy crisis state. Throughout this period, the Government and its ministers frequently spoke of the need for more energy related projects, alternative energy and what not at much touted energy conferences. At versatile points during the year, the import of energy from even Iran and India were reasoned.Clearly, there is significant unmet demand and correspondingly, great returns in the business. Theoretically and so, habituated that energy infrastructure projects take ages tomobilise, investors should be queuing up to begin these before the summer of 2013. But while a few canny, deep pocketed investors are making ambitious plans, even they are not committing money to these projects just yet. Clearly, the top priority, for even those investors who are mostly immune to political persecution be caseful of their wealth and/or influence, is political stability. This stability, however, refers not only to the political parties that form governments but as well as the disposition of the economic policies they pursue. If an investor raises $200 zillion to set up an LNG import business, for example, he needs to know what the returns will be and how long the government intends to buy the product for and in the absence of this certainty no one will cough up the cash.Key External FactorsBusiness, now-a-days is vitally affected by the economic, social, sanctioned, expert and political factors. These factors collectively form business surroundings. Business environment, as such(prenominal), is the integral of all external forces, which affect the nerve and operations of business. The environment of an shaping has got internal, operational and general lives managers must be aware of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance. The term business environment implies those external forces, factors and institutions that are beyond the control of individual business organizations and their management and affect the business enterprise.Business environment influence the functioning of the business system. Thus, business environment may be delimitate as all those condi tions and forces which are external to the business and are beyond the individual business unit, but it operates within it. These forces are customer, creditors, competitors, government, socio- cultural organizations, political parties national and international organizations etc. some of those forces affect the business outright which some others have indirect effect on the business.5 Key External Factors* Economic Forces* Social, Cultural, demographic and Environmental Forces* Political, Governmental and Legal Forces* Technological Forces* Competitive ForcesEconomic ForcesEconomic environment refers to the aggregate of the temperament of economic system of the country, the structural anatomy of the economy to economic policies of the government the organization of the capital merchandise, the nature of factor endowment, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. The successful businessman visualizes the external factors affecting the business, anticipating the pros pective market situations and makes suitable to get the maximum with minimize cost.Social, Cultural, demographic and Environmental ForcesThe social dimension or environment of a nation determines the cherish system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as cost structure, customs and conventions, cultural heritage, view toward wealth and income and scientific methods, respect for seniority, mobility of advertise etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. These factors determine the work culture and mobility of labor, work groups etc.For instance, the nature of priceys and go to be produced depends upon the demand of the people which in turn is affected by their attitudes, customs, so as cultural values fashion etc. Socio-cultural environment determines the code of conduct the business should follow. The social groups such as trade unions or consumer forum will intervene if the business follows the unethical practices. Political, Governmental and Legal ForcesThe political environment of a country is influenced by the political organizations such as philosophy of political parties, political theory of government or party in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. political stability in the country, foreign policy, Defense and military policy, image of the country and its leaders in and outside the country. The political environment of the country influences the business to a great extent. Legal environment includes tractableness and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great extent.Technological ForcesThe business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and work to be produced and the type and quality of be and equipm ent to be used. Technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent applications programme of technology and the effects of technology on markets.Competitive Forces* ball-shapedization of corporations, knowledge, products, consumers, and communication. * Growing competition within and across countries, amongst domestic companies, and between domestic and transnational companies. * Link between international trade and international labor standards and parallel efforts to secure labor market flexibility through relaxation of labor laws and standards for stimulating investment, both domestic and foreign * Speedy flow of information, capital, and innovation throughout the world. * Rising expectations of all stakeholders.* Easy feeler to the best and the least expensive products and go, worldwide. * Rapid pace of change (If the rate of change in our organization/society is slower than the rate of change outside the organization/society, w e will be led by others.) * Faster chemical reaction time (As Smajda of the World Economic Forum avers, the days of big fish take in small fish are over. It is the fast fish which swallows the small fish.) * Growing socio-economic inequity.Now, we are going to discuss about different sectors which are affected by these pick out external factors and take opportunities to it but threats are in addition exists.* serve well vault of heaven* Agriculture Sector* Telecom Industry* Cement IndustryService Sector operate sector is largest and hurried growing sector in the world economy, accounting largest packet in summation output and employment in most developedcountries. In case of Pakistan, the shares of services are increasing in all sectors of economy over the period. In fact, the growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of gardening and industrial sector.The Services sector has registered a growth rate of 4.0 per centumage during July- knock against of the fiscal year 2011 12 against 4.4 portion last year. It is dominated by finance and Insurance at 6.5 percent, Social and Community Services 6.8 percent and sell and Retail Trade 3.6 percent.I. allocable ServicesTransport, Storage and Communications* Railways* Water Transport* Air Transport* Pipeline Transport* bridle-path Transport* Mechanized* Non- Mechanized* Communications* Storage* Water TransportWholesale, Retail Trade and Hotels and Restaurants* Wholesale and Retail Trade including* Imports* Purchase and Sale Agents and Brokers* AuctioningII. Producer ServicesFinancial Institution* State Bank of Pakistan* Commercial Bank* Other Financial Intermediaries* Insurance Corporations and Pension FundsIII. Social ServicesPublic Administration and Defense Social Community and Private Services* Education* Medical and Health ServicesEnvironmental examineEconomic ForcesThe Services sector contributes 53.8% to Pakistans GDP. Its major sub sectors are finance and Insurance, Transport and Storage, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Public Administration and Defense. Services parcel to our GDP is gradually increasing. During the current period of monetary downturn, the services sector has been a major contributor to growth. Pakistans GDP grew at the rate of 2.4%in 2010-11.The services sector grew at the rate of 4.1% as against 2.9% last year. The main contributors to this growth are public admin and defense (13.2%) and social services sector (7.1%) A cursory look on the composition of subsectors that contribute most to the services sector shows that retail trade, wholesale trade, research and educational consultancy services, restaurants and hotels, financial, construction, and some business services, such as computer and information technology (IT) services, and professional services, such as engineering, legal and accounting services, IT and related services have been most significant.Banks, DFIs and insurance companies, account for 98 percent of value added in this sector. The finance and insurance sector comprises State Bank ofPakistan, all scheduled (domestic and foreign banks) development financial institutions (DFIs), all insurance (life and general) companies, Modaraba/leasing companies, moneychangers and stock exchange brokers. The financial sub-sector consists of all resident corporations principally pursue in financial intermediations or in auxiliary financial activities related to finance.Social, Cultural and Demographic Forceshuman ecology and lifestyle changes have the major contribution to increase in the growth of consumer demand of services. Pakistans purpose data shows that the demand of services is increasing over the time. During the 1985-86 people spent more of their income on goods then services.A number of factors such as income growth, changing demographic profile due to more urbanization, and the socio-economic environment are having its impact on retail scene. Pakistan retail is currently a virgin territory. This is m ore all important(p) in view of the large number of middle class state and available high-disposable income in the age group 25-35 years.Successful Retail Chains comparable Hyper star, Metro & Makro has opened the avenues for the upcoming retailers. In Lahore, large numbers of households do the grocery shopping at Hyper star, Jalal sons, Alfatah, HKB, Metro, Makro and CSD. This shows the changing lifestyle and shopping preferences of the urban population of Pakistan. This retail growth is also agreeed by the increasing literacy rate in Pakistan current urban population is more educated than their ancestors and has a better understanding of retailer influences on shopping as the larger retailer give quality assurances to consumers.Political, Governmental and Legal ForcesGovernments approximately the globe are gradually coming online using processes in which Information and Communications Technology (ICT) play an active and significant role, beyond simple digitalization, or autom ation of governanceservices, or provision of LANs, since it is ultimately a tool for good governance and human development. The main objectives of e-Governance are to increase transparency of government working, increase and diversify public information and its value, and increase the quality of products and services being currently offered.This helps reduce high transaction costs (in terms of time, efforts and opportunities lost) by timely and relevant access to government information, especially for those who are disadvantaged or marginalized or living in remote rural stadiums. Services are still identified with line ministries and government departments there is increasing recognition amongst policymakers for improvements in skill levels in many sectors and for a deprivation from inward-looking policies. In view of the dramatic changes in the services sector, regulatory and policy issues have continued to gain importance in policy-making circles for the last 15 years.Technologi cal ForcesTechnology allows businesses to do everything faster. Many processes that at a time required ledgers, checkbooks and journal notations have now moved onto computer systems. Logging in and out, updating inventory information and communicating can now are happening much more swiftly.Technology moves very quickly, constantly evolving and creating new devices and faster systems. Businesses note these changes and attempt to move with technology, adapting it to their present and future needs.Pakistan has seen an explosive growth in the ICT sector in the last few years with deregulation and ending of the monopolies of the state sector. The number of mobile phones achieved their 2007 target two years earlier, and the recent deregulation of long distance (LDI) wireless topical anaesthetic loops (WLL), other sections have served to provide faster, better and wide coverage, all at lower costs.Competitive ForcesOf the non-factors scuttlebutt used by the services sectors, 61.1 perc ent werepurchased from commodity producing sectors, suggesting strong backward linkages of services with commodity producing sectors.Of the total purchases from the commodity sectors, 73.9 percent were purchased from manufacturing sector, followed by 14.6 percent from construction, and 7.7 percent from electricity and gas sectors. The service sectors purchases from agriculture sector account for 3.3 percent of total purchases from commodity sectors.About 76.5 percent of services sector (public administration and defiance, 40.6 percent and transport and communications 35.9 percent) made purchases from the commodity producing sectors respectively. Forward linkages the shares of individual service sectors in total purchases from commodity producing sectors are agriculture 28.1 percent, mining and manufacturing 70.2 percent, electricity and gas distribution 1.0 percent, and construction 0.7 percent.Technology also increases the supposition of crime. A tech-savvy employee can embezzle f unds and make it difficult for the company to trace. Hackers can access ain and financial data of customers who trust the company to keep their information safe.Agriculture SectorAgricultureAgriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the destination of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The take aim of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture generally speaking refers to human activities, although it is also discovered in certain species of ant and termite. The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultra, from ager, a field, andcultra, cultivation in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. Thus, a literal reading material of the word yields tillage of fields.Agriculture Sec tor in PakistanPakistan has a rich and vast indispensable resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones due to which the country has great potential for producing all types of food produce. Agriculture has an important role in generating economic growth. Agriculture affects the economy in three ways namely, first, it provides food to consumers and fibers for domestic industry second, it is a source of scarce foreign exchange loot and third, it provides a market for industrial goods. Agriculture Sector is a key sector of the economy and accounts for 21 percent of GDP. The supportive policies of the government resulted in a growth of 3.1 percent against 2.4 percent last year. study Crops registered an accelerating growth of 3.2 percent compared to a disconfirming growth of 0.2 percent last year. The major crops including Cotton, Sugarcane and sieve witnessed growth in production of 18.6 percent, 4.9 percent and 27.7 percent respectively. However, preliminary estima tes of wheat production showed a negatively charged growth due to late receding of flood irrigates in lower Sindh which hampered the timely cultivation of the wheat crop. Livestock has witnessed a marginally higher growth of 4.0 percent against the growth of 3.97 percent last year. Fisheries sector showed a growth of 1.8 percent. Forestry recorded a growth of 0.95 percent as compared to the contraction of 0.40 percent last year.The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 trillion hectares. About 27percent of the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80 percent is irrigated and Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of irrigated cropped area in the world. Most of Pakistan is classified as arid to semi-arid because rainfall is not sufficient to grow agricultural crops, forest and fruit plants and pastures. About 68 percent of the geographical area has annual rainfall of 250 mm, whereas about 24 percent has annual rainfall of251 to 500 mm. Only 8 percent of the geographical area has annual rainfall exceeding 500 mm. Hence supplemental water is required for profitable agricultural production, either from irrigation or through water harvesting. Agriculture is largely mutually beneficial on artificial means ofirrigation.Of the total cultivated area, about 82 percent or around 17.58 meg hectares is irrigated, while crop production in the remaining 3.96 trillion hectares depends principally upon rainfall. The Irrigation Canal domination Area (CCA) has been grouped into classes on the basis of the nature and severity of its limitations water logging, common salt, sodality and texture. At present about one-fifth of the cultivated land in CCA is affected by water logging and salinity to varying degrees. An accessoryal area of 2.8 million hectares suffers from sodality. Notwithstanding huge investments, the water table was 0 to 1.5 m under 2.2 million hectares of irrigated land, 1.5 to 3 m under6 million hectares and 0to 3 m under 8 million hectares. Thus Pakistan needs to overhaul its entire drainage and reclamation strategy reduces its cost and makes it efficient.Environmental ScanningEconomic ForcesFlooding in 2011, affected crops like rice, cotton and sugarcane, although in the current year, 2011-12, they performed well and provided support and continued to support food security objectives this year. The agriculture sector recorded a growth of 3.1 percent in 2011-12. The profitability of agriculture sector during 2011-12, remained high because the farmers received good prices for rice, cotton and sugarcane, which allowed for greater financial resources passed on to the rural economy. During 2011-12, the overall performance of agriculture sector exhibited a growth of 3.1 percent mainly due to positive growth in agriculture related subsectors, except minor crops.Major crops accounted for 31.9 percent of agricultural value added and experienced a growth of 3.2 percent in fiscal year 2011-12 with negative growth of 0. 2 percent in 2011. The role of credit is instrumental in the agriculture sector where Pakistani farmers often lack finances necessary for carrying out vital farming activities. This issue, if not addressed, can cause a multitude of problems, ranging from the exploitation of poor farmers at the hands of informal sources of credit, to a slowdown in the adoption of modern farming techniques and inputs, resulting in slow development of this chief sector of our economy.Social, Cultural and Demographic ForcesAgriculture generates productive employment opportunities for 45 percent of the countrys labor force and 60 percent of the rural population depends upon this sector for its livelihood.* Established 40 surveillance and 66 rapid response units (RRUs). * Processed 0.4 million samples of blood, tissues and swabs for screening against Avian Influenza * Establishment of the Bio security Laboratory-3 is under process * Disbursed Rs. 23.5 million as compensation to Avian Influenza affected fa rmersPakistan is maintaining Avian Influenza (bird flu) free status since June 2008 million tons was from marine production and the remaining came from inland waters. In July-March, 2010-11 the production was estimated to be 937,082 million tons, where 672,652 million tons was marine and the remaining was produced by inland fishery sector. Recognizing the vital role the sector plays in ensuring food security, generating overall economic growth, reducing poverty and the transforming towards industrialization.Political, Legal and Governmental ForcesThe present government is heady to improve the quality of life of the people and to banish hunger and malnutrition from the country by making agriculture an efficient, productive and profitable sector of the economy. In order to improve governance in the public sector the government took bold steps and brought in the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of 1973. Accordingly, Ministries performing tasks which were provincial subjects were dev olved from the Federal level, including the Ministry of solid food and agriculture.Two major steps in order to solve the food security issues on a permanent basis The first step is the establishment of the National Food Security Council representing Federal, Provincial and local anaesthetic level Governments. Secondly, through a Letter of Intent the Ministry, in collaboration with World Food Program, is introduction the Zero Hunger Programworth US $ 1.6 billion to address the food security objective. A total of 290 veterinary clinics have been established providing veterinary services at 70 percent trim costs to rural farmers at their door steps i.e. 100 percent achievement.Technological ForcesThe Federal source Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD) is engaged in providing seed support coverage to public and private sector seed companies of the country. It provides seed quality control services through its 28 seed examination laboratories as well as monitoring of s eed quality in the market. The activities and achievements of the department during 2011-12 are exposit below * During the year 2011-12, forty-five (45) new seed companies were registered, making the total number of registered seed companies in the country 774, which includes four public sector and five multinational companies.* Twenty-two (22) new crop varieties were authorise (5) wheat, (11) cotton, (3) oilseeds, (2) pulses and (1) fodder. * During 2011-12, different crops offered by the various seed agencies, totaling 502.6 thousand acres, were inspected for certification purposes. * During 2011-12, a total of 13.7 MT of imported seed of various crops and hybrids, with a total value of Rs. 3287.6 million, was tested under the Seed (Truth in Labeling) Rules. 1991 at the port of entries i.e. Lahore and Karachi. * Almost 718 samples of seed and propagating material of various vegetable and fruit crops were tested at the Central Seed Testing Laboratory, Islamabad for detection of f ungal and viral disease using a la mode(p) diagnosis techniques and protocols.The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD) is engaged in providing seed certification coverage to public and private sector seed companies of the country. It provides seed quality control services through its 28 seed testing laboratories as well as monitoring of seed quality in the market.Competitive ForcesPakistan is member of the Cairns Group (an alliance of 18 countries looking for ambitious outcome in the mart Access areas), G-20 (group for safeguarding interest of developing countries in agriculture negotiations) and the G-33 (group of developing countries and LDCs aiming to get preferential terms in Market Access and Special and Differential treatment). In negotiations on market access, domestic support and exporting competition, Pakistans stance is supportive of the G-20 collective position. Pakistan strongly supports improvement in market access by reducing tariffs, reduci ng tariff escalation, and eliminating tariff peaks. Pakistan also works closely with the Cairns Group on tropical products issues.Pakistan has entered into Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with China, Malaysia and Sri Lanka and has exchanged a draft FTA with Singapore which includes an investment protection clause. In addition to WTO membership, Pakistan is party to two agreements for regional trade liberalization. The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) comprised of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and the South Asian Association for regional Cooperation (SAARC) with India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives. A Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) have been in place between Pakistan and the fall in States since July 2003. Both countries are now negotiating a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT).Telecom Industry telecom volume Telecommunication has two parts. One is Tele and other is Communication. Comm unication means conveying or disseminating the information. Word Tele is a Latin word which means far off. Telecommunication is the dissemination of signals to a far castle for the purpose of sharing some message or idea. In ancient time codes, smokes, drums or other components were used for conveying information but now a day telephones, fax, emails etc is used. So now the new definition of Telecommunication states sharing of data over a distance, through electric means.Telecom Sector in the WorldIn this fastest growing world information flows through the signals and cables in form voice or text. Telecommunication is not just bringing the people together but it is also bringing different economies, cultures and countries together. Now we can see the whole world as a Global Village. Now Telecommunication is an essential part of our lives. With the Expansion of this sector, the world has gained about $3.85 trillion in year 2008. And the service revenues have reached about $2 one tho usand thousand and Expected to reach the level of $3 Trillion in 2013. And this revenue is about 3% of the World GDP. The major part of telecom sector is cyberspace and Telephones.Telecom Sector in PakistanPakistan is on the verge of Telecom revolution Pakistan continues to be one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. Reforms introduced by successive Pakistani governments over the last decade have dramatically changed the nature of telecommunications in the country. The Pakistani telecom sector has attracted more than $9 billion in foreign investments. During 2007-08, the Pakistani Communication sector alone received $ 1.62 billion in Foreign unmediated Investment (FDI) about 30% of the countrys total foreign direct investment. By March 2009, Pakistan had 91 million mobile subscribers 25 million more subscribers than reported in the same period 2008.In addition to 3.1 million fixed lines, while as many as 2.4 million are using Wireless Local Loop connections Pakis tan is ranked 4th in terms of broadband meshing growth in the world, as the subscriber base of broadband Internet has been increasing rapidly with the total base crossing 170,000 in the country. The rankings are released by Point Topic Global broadband analysis, a global research centre. Pakistan according to PC World was amongst those top five countries with the highest SMS traffic processed with 763 million SMS during 2008-09.In terms of year-on-year growth, Pakistan traffic volume grew by 253 percent compared to last year during the same period. The contribution of telecom sector to the national exchequer increased to Rs 110 billion in the year 2007-08 on account of general sales tax, activation charges and other steps as compared to Rs 100 billion in the year 2006-07.Pakistan telecom industry is handling the telecom companieswhich are operating at this time like Mobilink, Ufone, Warid, Telenor, Zong etc